• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.294-303
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the profitability of four selective mechanization systems in rice cultivation. Methods: Field experiments were conducted in the farmers' field during the wet season (June to November) of 2015 in Bangladesh. Mechanization systems were applied to evaluate four different selective levels (treatment) in eleven consequent operations. Seedlings were raised in a traditional seedbed and trays for manual and mechanical transplanting, respectively. Land preparation, irrigation, fertilizer, pesticide, carrying, and threshing and cleaning operations were performed using the same method in all the experimental plots. The mechanical options in the transplanting, weeding, and harvesting operations were changed. The mechanization systems were $S_1$ = hand transplanting + hand weeding + harvesting by sickle, $S_2$ = mechanical transplanting + Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) weeder + reaper, $S_3$ = mechanical transplanting + BRRI power weeder + reaper, and $S_4$ = mechanical transplanting + herbicide + reaper. This experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Power tiller, rice transplanter, BRRI weeder, BRRI power weeder, self-propelled reaper, BRRI open drum thresher, and BRRI winnower were used in the respective operations. Accordingly, the techno-economic performances of the different technologies were calculated and compared with those of the traditional system. Results: The mechanically transplanted plot produced 6-10% more yield than the hand transplanted plot because of the use of tender-aged seedlings. Mechanical transplanting reduced 61% labor and 18% cost compared to manual transplanting. The BRRI weeder, BRRI power weeder, and herbicide application reduced 74, 91, and 98% labor, respectively. The latter also saved 72, 63, and 82% cost, respectively, compared to hand weeding. Herbicide application reduced the substantial amount of labor and cost in the weeding operation. Mechanical harvesting also saved 96% labor and 72% cost compared to the traditional method of harvesting using sickle. Selective mechanization saved 15-17% input cost compared to the traditional method of rice cultivation. Conclusions: Mechanical transplanting with the safe use of herbicide and harvesting by reaper is the most cost- and labor-saving operation. The method might be the recommended set of selective mechanization for enhancing productivity.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.130-139
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• 2018

The colors of packaging of herbicides and non-selective herbicides on the market in Korea are defined as brown and red, respectively, according to the notification of RDA. The present study aimed to understand consumer's electroencephalographic (EEG) response when looking at brown and red colors of herbicide and non-selective herbicide packaging papers. The EEG cap was placed on the scalp of each participant (men and women, 10 to 20 years old) and white (control) - brown - white - red colors were sequentially displayed for 5 seconds using the computer monitor. The EEG was measured and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. For the brown color of the herbicide, men showed a decrease in concentration and a distracting response due to a decrease in the ratio of mid beta to theta (RMT) and the spectral edge of frequency (SEF90). In women, an increase in the ratio of SMR to theta (RSMT) and the spectral edge frequency 50% of the alpha (ASEF) was observed in different brain regions and these EEG changes may enhance the relaxation, stabilization and awakening states of the brain. For the red color of the non-selective herbicide, ASEF increased psychological stability in men. In women, a decrease in absolute high beta (AHB) may associate with a decrease in attention state of the brain. Overall data of the present study clearly revealed that the colors of two herbicides showed significantly different EEG response and gender difference.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2001

The use of a marker gene in a transformation process aims to give a selective advantage to the transformed cells, allowing them to grow faster and better, and to kill the non-transformed cells. In general, the selective gene is introduced into plant genome along with the genes of interest. In some cases, the marker gene can be the gene of interest that will confer an agronomic characteristic, such as herbicide resistance. In this review we list and discuss the use of the most common selective marker genes on plant transformation and the effects of their respective selective agents. These genes could be divided in categories according their mode of action: genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and herbicides; and genes for positive selection. The contention of the marker gene flow through chloroplast transformation is further discussed. Moreover, strategies to recover marker-free transgenic plants, involving multi-auto-transformation (MAT), co-transformation, site specific recombination and intragenomic relocation of transgenes through transposable elements, are also reviewed.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 1996

갈대방제용 선택성 제초제를 스크리닝하기 위한 대조약제로서의 tetrapion의 특성을 온실 및 포장실험을 통하여 조사하였다. 1. Tetrapion을 처리한 식물은 잎이 휘면서 황화되고 생장이 억제되는 증상을 나타내었는데 처리농도가 높을 때에는 식물체 전체가 고사되었다. 2. Tetrapion은 목화를 제외한 모든 작물에 심한 약해를 일으켰으며 벼에 대해서는 직파 벼나 이앙벼의 경우 모두 약해를 일으켰다. 3. Tetrapion의 효과는 광엽 잡초보다 화본과 잡초에 대해 크게 나타났다. 4. Tetrapion은 경엽처리시보다 토양처리시에 더 우수한 효과를 나타내었다. 5. 포장실험시 tetrapion의 갈대방제효과는 처리시기와 포장의 토성에 따라 큰 차이가 있었으며 40kg/ha 이상의 고농도로 tetrapion을 처리하였을 경우에 갈대가 효과적으로 방제되었다. 이러한 결과는 억새의 경우에서도 유사한 경향이었다. 6. Tetrapion은 온실에서 키운 갈대에 대해 토양 및 경엽처리시 모두 우수한 방제효과를 나타내어 갈대방제용 제초제의 스크리닝에 사용할 수 있는 대조약제로서의 가치가 있었다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.94-111
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• 1997

A relatively wide range of weed technology concerning sound herbicide development, its formulation exploitation, and application techniques was extensively reviewed in accordance with least inputted sustainable agriculture. Herbicide plays an integral part of farmers' cultural practices in Korean agriculture like rest of world over. Weeds are more obstacle to the adaptation of more sustainable agriculture system. Because weeds dictate most of the crop production practices, weed scientists must become the leaders of collaborative integrated approaches to agriculture systems research. Feasible ways to minimize herbicide input involve the positive introduction of low-rate selective chemistries, innovative formulations, biological herbicides and newly developed application technology. Since herbicide will remain to be a core position in weed management for the foreseeable future, research is needed to optimize herbicide application technology and to minimize their impact on the environment. Public concerns and regulatory pressures on agricultural chemicals are likely to strengthen throughout this decade and coming. Researchers, pesticide manufacturing industries and regulatory authorities have to work together more closely, leading to understand each other better, as well as the needs of our customers and those of society. To be taken extensively, weed control management practices in the future have to be accepted such a way the respective demands of environment, society and economics are entirely matched.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2016

고추 생산에 큰 영향을 미치는 잡초 방제를 위한 약제처리 체계와 약제 살포 방법을 시험한 결과 다음과 같이 제초제를 2회 체계 처리 방법이 효율적이었다. 1) 바랭이가 우점하는 포장에서는 잡초 발아 전 토양 처리제인 pendimethalin를 정식 후에 1차 처리하고 약 20~30일 후 바랭이가 3~5엽기일 때 화본과 선택성 제초제 fluazipfop-P-butyl EC와 pendimethalin EC를 혼용하여 2차 체계 처리를 하면, 2차로 비선택성 제초제 glufosinate-ammonium SL를 살포할 경우와 비교하여 약해의 우려 없이 80일간 효율적으로 잡초를 방제 할 수 있었다. 2) 화본과 잡초 외에 방동사니과와 광엽잡초들이 혼재되어 있을 경우에는 비선택성 제초제 glufosinate-ammonium SL과 토양 처리제 pendimethalin EC를 혼용해서 잡초 초장이 20 cm 정도 자랐을 때 1차 처리하고, 30일 후 다시 잡초가 재생하여 20 cm 이하로 자랐을 때 glufosinate-ammonium SL을 2차로 체계 처리하는 것이 효율적이었다. 3) 비선택성 제초제 glufosinate-ammonium SL의 휴간 처리 시 약액의 비산에 의한 고추 약해를 방지하기 위해서는 고추 초장이 18 cm 정도로 낮을 경우(정식 20일 후) 약제살포 노즐의 높이를 15 cm 이하로 하여 살포하면 약해는 거의 없었다. 정식 후 40일경에는 고추 초장이 40 cm 이상인 경우 살포 높이를 30 cm 이하로 조절하여 처리하는 것이 약해 가능성이 적은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2018년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.166-166
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• 2018

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.209-215
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• 1994

Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of the herbicide alachlor in soybean, Chinese cabbage, and barnyard grass seedlings were examined and compared with each other using [phenyl-U-$^{14}C$] alachlor in search of a primary factor contributing to the selectivity of alachlor. When root of each seedling was immersed into the solution containing [$^{14}C$]alachlor, the amount of absorbed radioactivity/mg dry matter of seedling which was suggested to be correlated with the susceptibility of plants to alachlor decreased in the order of soybean ${\gg}$ Chinese cabbage ${\geq}$ barnyard grass and the rate of translocation to shoot was Chinese cabbage ${\geq}$ barnyard grass ${\gg}$ soybean. These orders did not consistently explain the selective phytotoxicity of alachlor. Analyses of extracts by reverse phase chromatography showed that alachlor was detoxified by conjugation with glutathione in all three plants and the rate of glutathione conjugation of soybean, the resistant species to alachlor, was the greatest, while that of barnyard grass, the susceptible, was the lowest among three plants. This result explained well the selective phytotoxicity of alachlor. Both absorption and translocation contribute undoubtedly to the selectivity by influencing the active internal concentration of alachlor. However, neither of them appeared to be a primary factor. It was concluded that the most important primary factor was the rate of glutathione conjugation, which detoxifies alachlor and plays an important role in selectivity.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.188-194
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to introduce phosphinothricin acetyl -transferase(PAT) gene, resistant to basta and non-selective herbidide, into tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum cv.BY4). For shoot formation,tobacco leaf disks were placed on the MS medium supplemented with 2.0mg/L BA and 0.1mg/L NAA. In this medium condition, tobacco leaf disces were cocultivated with A. tumefaciens MP90 containing NPT IIand PAT resistant to kanamycin and Basta, respectively. Shoots were obtained in the medium containing antibiotics, and those were transferred to rooting medium supplemented with 0.1mg/L NAA and antibiotics. The plants obtaining roots were transplanted into soil. Phenotype of transgenic tobacco plant was mostly as normal plant. However, about 5% was abnormal plant, which did not set seeds. PCR analysis and southern blot were performed to determine transformation. As the results, it was confirmed that PAT gene was stably integrated into tobacco genome.When herbicide, basta, was sprayed to the plants confirmed by PCR, the transgenic plants showed normal growth, whereas normal plants died. Therefore, the result of this experiment show that tobacco transformation for the resistance to basta, non-selective herbicide, was successful because PAT gene was stably integrated into tobacco.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2021

Glufosinate-containing herbicides is a non-selective herbicide commonly used worldwide. As the use of them increased gradually since paraquat was banned in 2012, the number of suicides by their ingestion is also increasing continuously. Complications of glufosinate-containing herbicide poisoning include various central nervous system (CNS) toxicities such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, memory impairment, and respiratory depression, which may be accompanied by hemodynamic changes such as bradycardia and hypotension. However, it is very rare that arrhythmias other than bradycardia occurred and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was combined due to cardiotoxicity. A 71-year-old female patient was transferred to our hospital after ingesting 500 mL of glufosinate-containing herbicide and receiving 5 L of gastric lavage at a local hospital. A few hours later, she presented stuporous mentality, respiratory depression, and convulsions, and was accompanied by hypotension and bradycardia. On the second day of admission, electrocardiogram (ECG) showed bradycardia and QTc prolongation with hemodynamic Instability. Accordingly, we conducted the early treatment with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and the application of temporary cardiac pacemaker. An echocardiogram demonstrated decreased ejection fraction (EF) and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy on the third day of admission. Then, she was discharged safely with conservative treatment. At the follow-up after 1 year, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, EF and QTc prolongation were recovered on echocardiogram and ECG. Because cardiac toxicity after glufosinate-containing herbicide poisoning may cause life-threatening consequences, caution is required while treating the patient. Therefore, if electrocardiogram changes are seen in the elderly with a large amount of glufosinate herbicide ingestion, additional cardiac function test through echocardiography should be concerned, and early treatment through CRRT or artificial cardiac pacing should be considered.