• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.50-62
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• 1994

This study is performed to consider the fitness of natural regenerating method and tending methods used now by surveying the stand structure and regenerating states of the 9 natural regenerated Pinus densiflora stands in Kangwon province. As a special consideration, it deals with the tending methods on the seedlings of Pinus densiflora and broad-leaved tree(Quercus mongolica) under competition. By the consideration on the number of trees, growing capacity and stand structures of Pinus densiflora stands, it reveals that Pinus densiflora is in the inferior in numbers at the competition to the broad-leaved species, and it could not occupy the stands as the dominant species if the stands were not tended. It is estimated that natural regeneration of Pinus densiflora stands by the clearcutting or seed tree system could not achieved due to the abundance of ground vegetation. Short-term shelter-wood system or strip stand method may be proposed as a successful method of natural regeneration. As the visible tending method for seedlings, the method which apply the mixed forest in group of Pinus densflora and Quercus mongolica different by the growing capacity and distribution characteristics is better thaw the one which tend the Pinus densiflora only.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.987-993
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• 2020

This study investigated the effective harvest of 'Kyoho' grapevines by examining their characteristics including bud development, necrosis types and flower primordium formation. The size of the axillary bud did not show any difference in the 5th node or more, but it was smaller because it was closer to the base in the 4th node or less. In the 1st node, the rates of main bud necrosis (MBN), accessory bud necrosis (ABN), and whole bud necrosis (WBN) were high, and the rate of flower primordium formation was low, but there was no significant difference in the other nodes. Therefore, it was expected that using other nodes than the 1st node would be advantageous to secure production. Because the growth progresses after sprouting, the main bud necrosis rate increases, showing a very low flower primordium formation rate in March of the following year. Therefore, a method is needed to increase the storage nutrients in the winter and the rate of flower primordium formation after March. This study found that the thickness of the shoots should be less than 8.5 mm between the 3rd and 4th nodes, and the length should be less than 60 cm for nodes up to the 10th node.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.191-204
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• 1994

Due to its topographic complexities and various climatical condition, Korea exhibits diverse forest types. Dominant tree species in this zone are Quercus spp., Betula spp., Zelkova spp., Fraxinus spp., Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, and Pinus thunbergii ete. Genetic conservation in forest species in Korea there are three ways ; one is in situ, other is ex situ and third is in-facility conservation. In situ conservation include that are the present status of conservation of rare and endangered flora and ecosystem, the reserved forest, the national and provincial park, and the gene pool of natural forests. Ex situ conservation means to be established the new forest from in situ forest stands, progeny and provenance test populations, seed orchard and clone banks, and gene conservation in-facility. As a tool for low temperature storage, several aspects on in vitro system were studied ; (1) establishment of in vitro cultures from juvenile and/or rejuvenated tissues, (2) induction of multiple shoots from the individual micropropagules, (3) elongation of the proliferated shoots. Studies on cold storage for short-and long-term maintenance of in vitro cultures under $4^{\circ}C$ in the refrigerator were conducted. For the cryopreservation at $-196^{\circ}C$, various factors affecting survivability of the plant materials are being examined. The necessity of gene conservation of forest trees is enlarged not only to increase the adaptability for various environments but also to gain the breeding materials in the future. For effective gene conservation of forest trees, I would like to suggest followings ; 1. Forest stands reserved for other than the gene conservation purposes such as national parks should be investigated by botanical and gene-ecological studies for selecting bio-diversity and gene conservation stands. 2. Reserved forest for gene pool should be extented both economically important tree spp. and non-economical species. 3. Reserved forest for progeny test and clone bank should be systematically investigated for the use of Ex situ forest gene conservation. 4. We have to find out a new methodology of genetic analysis determining the proper and effective size of subpopulation for in situ gene conservation. 5. We should develop a new tree breeding systems for successful gene conservation and utilization of the genetic resources. 6. New method of in-facility gene conservation using advanced genetic engineering should be developed to save time and economic resources. 7. For the conservation of species with short-life span of seed or shortage of knowledge of seed physiology, tissue culture techniques will be played a great role for gene conservation of those species. 8. It is are very useful conservation not only of genes but of genotypes which were selected already by breeding program. 9. Institutional and administrative arrangements including legistlation must be necessarily taken for gene conservation of forest trees. 10. It is national problems for conservation of forest resources which have been rapidly destroyed because of degenerating environmental condition and of inexperienced management system of bio-diversity and gene conservation. 11. In order to international cooperation for exchanging data of bio-diversity and gene conservation, we should connect to international net works as soon as possible.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.246-250
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• 2010

This study was conducted to find out the propagation method of a rare variety Daphne kiusiana Miq. in Korea through softwood cuttings. Daphne kiusiana Miq are the evergreen broad leaf tree which have lived in the southern part of Korea. The flowering time of Daphne kiusiana Miq is early spring and the flower has an attractive fragrance. Generally, plants are dioecious and only the male plants are found in Korea. Propagation by seed is very difficult in this tree. Softwood cuttings were taken to establish an efficient propagation method in Daphne kiusiana Miq Cuttings were grown in perlite:vermiculite (1 : 1), perlite, vermiculite, sand rooting media under shaded greenhouses during summer in 2007. The rooting rates of cuttings were 86.7%, 95%, 75% and 95% in perlite:vermiculite (1 : 1), perlite, vermiculite and sand media, respectively. Softwood cuttings taken on July and rooting at $27^{\circ}C$ were significantly improved the growth and rooting rates. Softwood cutting can be an effective means of propagation in Daphne kiusiana Miq.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.241-245
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• 2017

Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus), which has invaluable medicinal uses, grows only on living trees. To date, it is still harvested from its natural habitat and is not cultivated artificially. We artificially cultivated chaga mushrooms by inoculating its sawdust spawns on Betula platyphylla var. japonica in 2007, and monitored mushroom growth on the inoculated trees for 9 years. The mushrooms grew less than 1 cm per year, with the largest mushroom growing up to 9 cm in the 9 years of study. There was no difference in the growth (diameter at breast height) of trees with viable and non-viable I. obliquus. In conclusion, artificial cultivation of chaga mushroom was successful. Our findings suggest that selection of large B. platyphylla var. japonica as host tree could lead to better I. obliquus productivity. Further improvements of the method are needed to increase the success rate of I. obliquus inoculation.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2020

Eggs are likely to be used in agriculture because they can provide enough nutrients for crop growth. Statistics show that a large number of eggs are lost due to breakage before reaching the final consumer. The purpose of this study was to make a natural liquid fertilizer as a substitute for chemical fertilizers using broken eggs as a resource and to evaluate the efficiency of the formulated fertilizer. To make the liquid fertilizer, the broken eggs and distilled water were mixed at ratios of 6 : 4 and 4 : 6. Then, effective micro-organisms (EM) and sugar were added, and the mixture was fermented. The temperature and electrical conductivity (EC) increased gradually with the fermentation while the pH decreased. When evaluated following the seed germination index method of the compost, it was found that the fertilizer matured 10 days after the beginning of the experiment. The growth experiment was conducted with lettuce in which the fermented liquid fertilizer was compared with a commercial liquid fertilizer. The 6 : 4 treatment produced plants with the densest fresh shoot and roots weighing 41.6 and 4.6 g, respectively. The number of leaves (12.3 per plant) was also the highest for the 6 : 4 treatment. Soil analysis showed that the soil pH was improved, and the soil organic matter was increased in the fermented liquid fertilizer treatment.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.199-209
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• 2020

This study was done to explore deeply the essence and meaning of gratitude experience of mothers who cares child with schizophrenia. This study was analysed through the use of the phenomenological method of Giorgi. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and field records with five motheres who cares child with schizophrenia. Data analysis revealed 18 sub-components, 5 components: 'I'm like fallen seed on barren soil without gratitude', 'gratitude coming into bud like sprout,' 'gratitude grown up into a tree through tolerance', 'gratitude bearing fruit of self-sufficiency and desire', and 'gratitude getting much richer with giving. The results from the study contribute to promoting understanding of the gratitude experience of mothers who cares child with schizophrenia and will be helpful for development of positive family nursing intervention.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.87-99
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• 1999

Manuka oil named New Zealand’s tea tree oil is oil-soluble and comes firom nature. Manuka oil and its extract $\alpha$-pinene, Oxy’less clear, R-limonene which is one of the component of Citron extracted from Grapefruit seed and Citrex were used to estimate the antimicrobial activity and to improve the capability of antiseptic. Disk diffusion method was used to measure the antimicrobial activity. Escherichia coli which is gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus which is gram-positive bacteria were used as strain. The antimicrobial activity of Manuka oil and $\alpha$-pinene for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus was similar when the concentration of Manuka oil and $\alpha$-pinene are 10u/paper disk. However, antimi-crobial activity of Manuka oil fDr Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aurem was better than that of $\alpha$-pinene when the concentration of Manuka oil and $\alpha$-pinene was low. Antimicrobial activity of Oxy’less clear is better than that of propyl para hydroxybenzoate(PPHB), R-limonene at all the concentration and is similar to that of $\alpha$-pinene. Antimicrobial activity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.1
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• pp.107-114
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• 2007

Establishments of the seedlings inside the natural forest from adjacent artificial forests would be an important factor in forest stand dynamics. This study was conducted to see the invasion of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) seedlings which is not native in this region, into the natural deciduous broad-leaved forest in Gwangneung, Korea. There is no mother tree at the I ha study site while the number of naturally regenerated P. koraiensis seedlings was 345 trees and 56% of them were clumped with more than two seedlings at each point. Applying the image segmentation method to IKONOS satellite image of January, 2003, the distance from the center of 1 ha study site to the nearest mother tree and plantation of Korean pine were 200 m and 270 m, respectively. The average height and root-collar diameter of the seedlings were 34 em and 7 mm, respectively and the age of 207 seedlings (60%) were below 5 years old. Most abundant range of soil moisture gradient and LAl (leaf area index) were from 16 to 20% and those of LAI were from 3.1 to 3.5. To understand the dynamics and seed dispersal pattern of Korean pine in the Gwangneung natural deciduous broad-leaved forests, additional studies not only long-term monitoring of growth and mortality of naturally regenerated Korean pine seedlings but also application of stable isotope analysis and molecular genetic techniques was recommended.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.185-198
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• 2001

This study was conducted to reveal the effects of local climatic conditions on reproductive growth in a mature stand of Korean white pine based on climatic estimates. For this, the reproductive growth such as production and characteristics of cone and seed were first measured and summarized for seven years from 1974 to 1980. The local climatic conditions in the study site were also estimated by both a topoclimatological method and a spatial statistical technique. The local climatic conditions were then correlated with and regressed on the growth factors to reveal the relationships between the climatic estimates and the reproductive growth. Average number of conelet formation per tree showed highly negative correlation with some climatic variables related to minimum temperature in the year of flower bud differentiation. Especially, the most significant negative correlation were found between average of the minimum temperature for June and July of flower bud differentiation year and the number of conelet formation. There was no significant correlation between the number of cone production and climatic variables. However, total precipitation from December of the flowering year to February of the cone production year showed the most high correlation (r=0.6036) with the number of cone production. It was found that significant climatic variables affecting the amount of cone drop and cone drop percentage were the sum of cloudy days from June of the flowering year to August of the cone production year. Positive correlation was significantly recognized between the average weight of empty seed per cone and total precipitation from December of the flowering year to February of the cone production year. For the percentage of empty seed, five climatic variables among 19 variables were significantly correlated at 10% level. The average weight of a cone showed negative correlation with total precipitation from June of the flowering year to August of the cone production year. It was also found that average weight of a seed had highly negative correlation with total precipitation from December of the flowering year to February of the cone production year. The average weight of cone coat was negatively correlated with two climatic variables derived from clear days, which are sum of clear days from November of the flowering year to March of the cone production year and sum of clear days from December of the flowering year to February of the cone production year. On the other hand, it showed positive correlation with mean temperature of May in the flowering year. The exactly same results were obtained in correlation analysis for the percentage of cone coat.