The timing of seed harvesting is an important decision in the management of seed orchards because it affects seed quality and yield. To investigate the effect of cone harvest time on seed quality and determine the optimal harvesting time, cones were regularly collected in seven times and germination tests were performed at each harvest time in two clonal seed orchards of Chamaecyparis obtusa. As cones developed, the percentage of seed germination increased before cone moisture content began to decrease significantly. The moisture contents of cones were highest at the first collection as 68.3% and 67.3% in Jeju and Gochang seed orchards respectively. At this time, germination speed was slowest, indicating poor seed vigour. The highest germination was found at the second stage in Jeju (36.5%) and at the seventh stage in Gochang (28.6%) seed orchard. The germination speed increased as cone moisture content decreased. Additionally, changes of seed vigour differed among the developmental stages in both seed orchards. Consequently, the optimal cone harvest time of C. obtusa seed orchards in Jeju was early September when high germination percentage was obtained. In Gochang seed orchards, late October was optimal cone harvest time when the germination speed was fast and the cone moisture content decreased.
This study was conducted to test the significant difference of fertility variation among families and to select superior families for acorn production in the breeding seedling seed orchards (BSSOs) of Quercus acuta and Quercus glauca. The seed orchards were located in Jeju island and established by seedlings raised from selected parents for genetic testing in 2006. In the spring of 2021, the numbers of female and male flower were counted from 5 to 10 individuals per family in the BSSOs. To test statistical significance of which parameter is not satisfied through the normality test, we used a nonparametric analysis. Correlation analysis was performed to quantify the association between female and male flower production. As the results, the significant difference of flower production among families was found in both seed orchards. The averages of female flower production were 65.3 and 181.9 in Q. acuta and Q. glauca. The positive Spearman's rank correlation was existed between male and female flower production. Broad-sense heritability on female and male flower production were 0.191 and 0.147 in Q. acuta, and 0.285 and 0.068 in Q. glauca, respectively. Sexual asymmetry (e.g., maleness index) between female and male, and contribution variation among families (e.g., parental balance) were analyzed to find reasonable alternatives in the management of seed orchards. Effective population size of seed crops was predicted as a concept of status number. Loss of gene diversity (accumulation of group coancestry) would not be alarming in the BSSOs. Our results would be helpful to select breeding materials for establishing new seed orchards and to supply genetically improved seeds of evergreen oaks, which is one of the backbones of the strategy of carbon sink in the 2050 Carbon Neutrality of Korea Forest Service.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of thinning on soil properties and seed productivity in the 25-year-old Cryptomeria japonica and 30-year-old Chamaecyparis obtusa seed orchards in which thinning had been performed 4 years prior to the study. To this end, soil properties, cone and seed characteristics, seed production (kg/ha), and nutrient contents in seeds and cones were studied by 4 different thinning intensities (0, 20, 40, and 60%). Soil properties were not significantly different between the two orchards. Meanwhile, electric conductivity, total nitrogen, and $K^+$ concentration in the soil of C. obtusa seed orchard were significantly different among 4 different thinning intensities (p<0.05), while only $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in the C. japonica seed orchard was different (p<0.05). In the C. obtusa seed orchard, cone productivity increased with the increase of thinning intensities (p<0.05), whereas that in the C. japonica seed orchard did not show any significant differences. Both of the two seed orchards showed a tendency that seeds become bigger and heavier with the increase of thinning intensities, but any significant differences were not found. Seed production (kg/ha) in the C. obtusa seed orchard significantly increased with the increase of thinning intensities, while that of the C. japonica seed orchard decreased. Nutrient contents in seeds and cones did not show any significant differences among different thinning intensities in both of the two seed orchards.
Factors affecting fruit conformation of 'Fuji' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were investigated through correlation study of fruit weight, seed numbers, and seed weight in relation to fruit conformation indices. Apples were harvested from two orchards in 'Andong' and 'Youngyang' areas at commercial maturity and grouped by fruit weight. Average number of seeds and seed weight were 8.9 and 0.64 g in 'Andong' orchard, while 6.3 and 0.47 g in 'Youngyang' orchard, respectively. When pooled data from the both orchards were analyzed, correlation of fruit weight with seed weight was significantly positive, whereas that with seed number was not significant. Fruit shape index determined by length/diameter ratio was positively correlated with fruit weight, while relationship of the shape index with seed number or with seed weight was not significant. Asymmetry index tended to be low in apples from the 'Andong' orchard in which higher seed numbers and seed weight were observed. The asymmetry index showed highly negative correlations with seed numbers and with seed weight.
This study was conducted to examine the relationship between cone abundance and cone/seed characteristics to improve seed quality and seed orchard management of Pinus koraiensis. The data was collected from P. koraiensis seed orchards at Chungju in 2007. That year was a rich year of cone harvest and the average number of cone per tree was 2.5 times much than that of normal year. We collected the cones from all trees in the sample plot of the seed orchard and investigated morphological characters such as cone length, cone width and cone weight. According to cone abundance per tree, the samples were divided into eight classes and analysed by cone analysis method. There is a decreasing tendency of number of fertile scale, seed potential, percent of filled seeds, seed weight per cone and seed efficiency, when the cone number per tree is increased. Additionally, the implications of the results to seed orchards management of P. koraiensis were discussed.
Cone and seed development after self-pollination in 14-year-old Pinus rigida Mill. was investigated in an $F_1$-hybrid seed orchard that consists of Pinus rigida Mill. and Pinus taeda L. in alternative rows. On an average, 83.8% of the self-pollinated receptive female strobili developed into cones. This value appears to be normal compared to cone development after open-pollination in other pine species such as in Pinus sylvestris L. However, there was a great variation in filled seed development after self-pollination among the investigated individual trees (Table 1-1). The 34.5%, a ratio of filled seeds after self-pollination was significantly lower than 91.7%, that by the open-pollination. Some of the investigated trees developed 70.0%-83.5% of filled seeds after self-pollination. Thus, those are not desirable as trees for seed parent in establishing $F_1$-hybrid seed orchards in future. A further study on the rate of filled seed development by various pollination systems consisting of self-pollination, self-and cross-pollination with intraspecific, mixed (tree's own and foreign pollens) pollens and cross-pollination with interspecific, mixed pollens of the two parental tree species is necessary to determine the quality of seed parent trees in establishing $F_1$-hybrid seed orchards.
Teak (Tectona grandis) is one of the most valuable timber yielding species in the world, with predominant distribution in tropical or sub-tropical countries. However, natural teak available only in few countries like India, Myanmar, Laos People's Democratic Republic and Thailand. Teak grows well in deep, well-drained alluvial soils, fairly moist, warm, tropical climate with pH ranges from 6.5-7.5. Teak is cultivated in many Asian, African and South American countries for timber production. The global teak plantations are estimated to be three million hectare with major share in India (44%) followed by Indonesia (33%). India is considered as richest genetic resources of teak with large areas of natural teak bearing forests (8.9 million ha), plantations (1.5 million ha), clonal seed orchards (1000 ha) and seed production areas (5000 ha). The studies on diversity of teak populations showed that teak is an out crossing species with major portion of diversity present within the populations. The productivity and quality of teak timber varies depending upon the site and environmental conditions. Teak wood is moderately heavy, strong and tough,straight grained, coarse textured and ring porous with specific gravity varies from 0.55 to 0.70. The sapwood is white to pale yellow in colour and clearly demarcated while heartwood is dark brown or dark golden yellow in colour. Teak is one of the most durable timbers in the world, practically, impervious to fungus and white ant attack and resistant to decay. Teak wood is used in ship and boat constructions, furnitures and aesthetic needs. Genetic improvement programmes have been undertaken in countries like Thailand, India, Malaysia and Indonesia. The programme includes provenance identification and testing, plus tree selection and clonal multiplication, establishment of seed orchards and controlled hybridization. Several aspects like phenology, reproductive biology, fruit characteristics, silvicultural practices for cultivation, pest and diseases problems, production of improved planting stock, harvesting and marketing, wood properties and future tree improvement strategy to enhance productivity have been discussed in this paper.
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is a member of family Asteraceae that grows all over the Korea. Recently, dandelion was cultivated for medicinal crops because of its positive medicinal effects. However, dandelion is considered as a troublesome weed in grass lawns of golf course and orchards. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of plant growth regulators [gibberellins ($GA_3$); kinetin; salicylic acid (SA); ethephon)] with different concentration on seed germination control of dandelion. Seed germination rates were increased in all concentration of $GA_3$ and kinetin treatment compared to control. In the 0.5 mM of ethephon application, seed germination rate was more increased than that of control while seed germination rate was reduced in 1.0 and 1.5 mM of ethephon treatments. Seed germination rate was significantly decreased with different SA dilutions compared to control. The germination rate was more reduced when SA was applied in combination with $GA_3$ than only SA treatments.
This study was undertaken to compare and estimate the severity of pitch canker of individual trees of Pinus rigida and Pinus rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda in two seed orchards in Jeju island, in which the orchards have been damaged by the pitch canker for seven years. Wind-pollinated two-year-old seedlings of P. rigida and P. rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda, in which the seedlings of P. rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda were from seeds of phenotypically selected, uninfected(but untested) trees, were inoculated with the pathogenic fungus, Fusarium circinatum, isolated from P. rigida and P. thunbergii. The virulence of the isolates was also identified. Statistically significant difference was found in 'stem cankers'(SC; ${\chi}^2=7.76$, P=0.05) among 4 plantations of P. rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda of two seed orchards. P. rigida was higher in 'top kill' (TK) and 'branch tip symptoms' (BT) than those of P. rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda. In artificial inoculation tests, mortality of the seedlings from the resistant candidates was 14% higher than that of the seedlings from the susceptible candidates. This result may becaused by unknown pollen trees and/or candidate tree selection based only on phenotype. Two of five fungal isolates, C-6-L(9) and C-6-L(19), showed significantly higher mortality (68% and 60%, respectively) than others, suggesting that these isolates can be used as virulent isolates for a mass artificial inoculation. Resistance candidate seedlings that were selected from this study can be utilized as useful materials for fundamental studies of genetics and biochemistry to breed resistance varieties to pitch canker.
June Wee;Yong Ho Lee;Sun Hee Hong;Kijong Cho;Young Ju Oh;Chae Sun Na;Kwang Lai Park
Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
/
v.41
no.4
/
pp.530-538
/
2023
This study conducted an investigation into the effects of fruit type and cultivation practices (organic and conventional) on soil characteristics and soil arthropod communities within apple, blueberry, grape, peach, and pear orchards. The collection of soil arthropod communities was achieved through the utilization of pitfall traps, with concurrent measurements taken for soil moisture content, electrical conductivity, and temperature. The findings of this study unveiled substantial impacts attributed to fruit type and cultivation practices on soil characteristics. Specifically, within organic apple orchards, discernibly higher levels of soil moisture content, electrical conductivity, and temperature were observed when compared to their conventional counterparts. The investigation into soil arthropod communities yielded a total of 1,527 individuals, classified in to five phyla and 15 orders. The range of abundance, species richness, and diversity indices varied across conventional and organic orchards. Cultivation practices were found not to exert a significant influence on soil arthropod community characteristics. However, Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis indicated a significant differentiation in soil arthropod community structure based on cultivation practices. This study underscores the importance of considering vegetation structure and environmental characteristics that may influence soil arthropod communities comprehensively when assessing the impact of cultivation practices on soil arthropods. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need to account for both the characteristics and structure of soil arthropod communities in understanding the implications of cultivation practices on these organisms.
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