• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.79-91
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• 2008

Research was initiated to investigate germination characteristics of creeping bentgrass (CB, Agrostis palustris Huds.). Seven varieties of CB were evaluated with different experiments. An alternative environment condition requiring for a CB germination test by International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was applied in the Experiment I, consisting of 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$(ISTA conditions). Experiment II was conducted under a room temperature condition of 5 to $25^{\circ}C$(natural conditions). In each experiment, data such as seed germinating vigor, early germination characteristics, germination speed and germination peak time were measured. Significant differences were observed in seed germinating vigor, early germination characteristics, germination speed and germination peak time. Seed germinating vigor was variable with different environments and varieties. It was 61.50 to 98.25% under ISTA conditions and 55.00 to 98.50% under natural conditions. There were considerable variations in early germination characteristics among CB varieties according to different conditions. Early germination characteristics indicated that all varieties were 1 to 4 days faster in germination under ISTA conditions, when compared with natural conditions. The germination speed, measured as days to seed germination of 70% and 90%, was much faster with Penn A-1, Penn A-4 and Penncross under ISTA conditions. But it was even faster with L-93 and Penncross when grown under natural conditions. Differences were also observed in germination peak time with varieties and growing conditions. It was 0.57 to 2.86 days under ISTA conditions and 0.74 to 1.74 days under natural conditions. Regardless of the environment conditions, the shortest variety was L-93 and the longest one T-1. Considering germinating vigor, early germination characteristics, germination speed and germination peak time, Penn A-1, Penn A-4 and Penncross were regarded as excellent varieties under ISTA conditions in terms of early establishment characteristics, while L-93, Penn A-1 and Penncross under natural conditions. These results suggest that an intensive germination test be needed prior to planting, for the early germinating vigor, germination speed and germination peak time. Also, a proper variety selection and comprehensive site analysis for the growing environmental conditions should be done before golf course construction.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.305-309
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• 2000

Ultra-drying [＜5.0% seed moisture content (SMC)] storage technique is a cost-effective storage method for oily seeds. To decide proper ultra-drying condition for soybean seeds, drying rate was compared three silica gel to seed ratios, two seed sizes with varietal difference, two kinds of container, and three seed amounts per container under :t 23$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$. When the relative humidity (RH) was reduced at the rate of less than 0.1 % a day, silica gel was replaced with dry one by 47 days. Higher silica gel to seed ratios (3:1 and 2:1) dried faster than lower ratio (1:1) until 28 days, but not after 43 days of drying. Also, large seeded variety was dried faster than small seeded variety. Kinds of container and seed amounts per container didn't show differences in drying of soybean seeds. After completion of ultra-drying, percentage germination by standard germination test (SGT) was not different among silica gel to seed ratios, kinds of container, and seed amounts per container, except among seed sizes (varieties). Before SGT, soybean seeds were premoistened using saturated ${CaCl}_2$ for 48 hours and ${NH}_4$Cl for 24 hours in desiccators. To compare germinability between ordinary-dried seeds and ultra-dried seeds, the seeds of seven soybean varieties, which were varying in size from 8.1 to 34.9 g per 100 seeds, were dried using same amount of silica gel under 23$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$. After completion of 76 days of drying, SMCs were reduced to 3.13-3.45% from 7.86-8.82%. SMC after completion of drying was not correlated with 100-seed weight (r=0.556). Before germination tests, soybean seeds were premoistened using saturated salt solutions. Percentage germination was higher with ultra-dried seeds than ordinary-dried seeds in SGT and higher with ordinary-dried seeds than ultra-dried seeds in AAT at the beginning of storage and after 6 months storage, but general trend of percentage germination was not observed among varieties classified by 100-seed weight. From these results, we concluded that further studies are needed to improve ultra-drying storage method for soybean seeds.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.373-380
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• 2004

The production of sweet (su) and super sweet corns (sh2) has been economically feasible in Korea in recent years. Major factors limiting super sweet corn production are low germination and low seedling vigor. Since seed quality is closely related to seed maturity, the optimum harvest time for the seed production of sweet and super sweet corns was studied and the quality of seeds with varying maturities was investigated in 2001 and 2002 cropping seasons. The parents of the sweet corn seeds were Hybrid Early Sunglow and 'Golden Cross Bantam 70' and those of super sweet corn were Xtrasweet 82 and 'For­tune'. Seeds were harvested at 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 days after silking (DAS). As the seeds developed, seed weight of sweet corn increased and the seed moisture content decreased faster than that of super sweet corn. Germination rates of sweet corn seeds harvested 21 and 28 DAS at $25^{\circ}C$ and emergence rates in the cold soil test were significantly lower than those of seeds harvested after 42 DAS in both years. Although the germination rates of super sweet corn seeds with varying maturities showed similar patterns as sweet corn seeds at $25^{\circ}C$, the emergence rate of super sweet corn seeds in cold soil test continuously increased with seed maturity. This suggests that seed quality of super sweet corn should be tested in a cold soil test to estimate field emergence. As the seeds developed, leakage of total sugars and electrolytes from the both sweet and super sweet corn seeds decreased up to 42 or 49 DAS. The $\alpha-amylase$ activities of both sweet and super sweet corn seeds increased with seed maturity from 21 to 35 or 49 DAS depending on genotype and year. The optimum harvest time for the seed production of sweet corn was 42 DAS and 49 DAS for super sweet corn considering emergence rate and plumule dry weight in the cold soil test, leakage of sugars and electrolytes from the seeds, and $\alpha-amylase$ activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.153-163
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• 2015

The study was conducted to develop ecological restoration method of damaged area in DMZ vicinities. As the material for the ecological restoration, forest soil and trees waste have been used. Forest soils were collected for experiments in Yanggu, Gangwon Province. Effect of ecological restoration was analyzed through germination experiment. Germination experiment was performed using 12 kinds of woody and herbaceous seeds. Woody and herbaceous seed germination in test pot was relatively evenly. Mixed material consisting of forest soil and trees waste seemed a possibility as the material for the restoration. The effects on seed germination were higher in the case of mixing more than 70% by volume ratio of local resources. Total number germinated individuals were different depending on the mixing ratio of soil sampling depth. Individual plants showed different trends depending on the experimental combination. Results of the woody seed germination were affected only in the soil sampling depth. Seed germination of herbaceous received a combined effect on soil sampling depth and mixing ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.23-38
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• 2015

The study was initiated with Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.) to investigate germination and early establishment characteristics of new cultivars for a practical application to turfgrass establishment such as parks, athletic field and golf course etc. Fifteen cultivars were evaluated in different experiments. An alternative condition for a KB germination test required by International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was applied in Experiment I, consisting of 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$ (ISTA conditions). Experiment II was conducted under a room temperature condition of 5 to $25^{\circ}C$ (natural conditions). Seed germinating vigor, germination speed and germination peak time were measured in both experiments. Significant differences were observed in seed germinating vigor, germination speed and germination peak time. Seed germinating vigor was variable with different environments and cultivars. It was 75.25 to 89.50% under ISTA conditions and 75.75 to 90.25% under natural conditions. There were considerable variations in early germination characteristics among KB cultivars according to different environments. Early germination characteristics showed that all cultivars were 3 to 5 days faster in germination under ISTA conditions, when compared with natural conditions. The germination speed, measured as days to seed germination of 50% to 80%, was much faster with 'Midnight II', 'Excursion' and 'Midnight' under ISTA conditions. But it was faster with 'Midnight II', 'Excursion' and 'Odyssey' under natural conditions. Differences was also observed in germination peak time with cultivars and growing conditions. It ranged 5.94 to 14.88 days under ISTA conditions and 4.71 to 13.06 days under natural conditions. Regardless of the environment conditions, the shortest cultivars were 'Odyssey' and 'Midnight II'. The longest ones were 'Nuglade' under ISTA condition and 'Moonlight' under natural conditions. Considering germinating vigor, germination speed and germination peak time, 'Midnight II', 'Excursion', 'Midnight', and 'Odyssey' were regarded as excellent cultivars under ISTA conditions in terms of early establishment characteristics, while 'Midnight II', 'Excursion', 'Odyssey', and 'Courtyard' under natural conditions. These results suggest that an intensive germination test be needed prior to planting, for investigating the early germinating vigor, germination speed and germination peak time. Also, a proper cultivar selection and comprehensive site analysis for the growing environmental conditions should be done before turfgrass establishment such as golf course construction.

• Forest Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.160-168
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• 2018

The seeds of Elaeocarpus serratus, a tropical underutilized fruit tree are characterized by hard seed coat and consequent poor water uptake and low germination. To improve the regeneration through seeds, various parameters such as viability of seeds, water uptake, and effect of seed mass on germination and pretreatments were performed using a completely randomized design (CRD). Tetrazolium (TZ) test was conducted using fresh, mature seeds revealed $50{\pm}2.56%$ mean viability. Seeds of different weight classes showed similar pattern of water uptake and the saturation level was achieved at 60 hrs of soaking. Seeds belong to weight class 2.6-3.5g were germinated ($12.5{\pm}1.26%$) with $175{\pm}1.75days$ (d) of mean time taken for germination (MTG). Germination capacity of seeds varied significantly among different populations and Varkala population gave $12.5{\pm}1.1%$ germination with $174.6{\pm}2.5d$ MTG. Among various seed treatments, mechanical scarification was superior in germination and significant reduction in MTG ($p{\leq}0.05$). The mechanical scarification by complete removal of seed coat resulted in $49.2{\pm}1.52%$ germination within a short period of time ($9.52{\pm}0.89d$ MTG). However, the complete removal of seed coat without damaging to embryo is a difficult task. An alternate treatment (Mechanical scarification II) by making cracks on nut faces vertically followed by soaking in distilled water for 24 hrs gave $48.4{\pm}1.73%$ germination with significantly reduced MTG ($12.14{\pm}0.56d$) over unsoaked, untreated control ($6.5{\pm}1.84%$ germination and $197.18{\pm}1.79d$ MTG; $p{\leq}0.05$). This treatment (Mechanical scarification II) is therefore recommended for E. serratus seeds as it can adopt easily and can achieve 7 fold increases in germination over control. The recorded germination through mechanical scarification is in tune with realized viability percentage of the seeds.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.2
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• pp.135-139
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• 2008

Seed production and germination could be influenced by some factors. The picking time and climate factors are regarded as the elements to obtain sound seeds. We have observed the seed productivity and germination of seeds from trees of Chamaecyparis obtusa selected in a clonal seed orchard. Depending on picking time, various shapes from liquid material, something jellied to the fully matured one were observed. Germination aspects varied throughout the test days. After 20days of seeding in a glass petri-dish, germinal apparatuses appeared from the all seeds which had been picked from after at the end of August. The highest germination rate of about 30% was observed from the seeds picked from $20^{th}$ of September and $10^{th}$ of October. Seed production was about two times higher in 2005 than in 2006 and the average germination rate was also higher in 2005. We have also analyzed the effects of climatic factors about two consecutive years on seed productivity. Among the climatic factors, monthly sum of temperature and of precipitation were the main factors for maturation of Chamaecyparis obtusa seeds.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

Cigarette filters containing Brassica Rapa L. seeds of the dark brown and round shaped were evaluated to determine the effect of seed addition on filter degradability. The seeds with germination capability under the tar/nicotine condition in the preliminary test, were put into the active carbon part of the filter(12mm) during filter rod making by the kit. The $4{\pm}2$ pieces of the seeds were put into the opened fiber bundle of the filter tow. In order to test the germination rate of the seeds, seed filters were placed either in a petri dish or test-pot in a conditioned area ($25^{\circ}C$, 70 % RH). The seed filters were placed outdoors exposed to natural conditions with the periodic water supply. The seeds in the smoked filters showed 90 % germination rate after a month under the open air condition. No significant differences in the sensory evaluation and analysis were obtained when the control sample was compared to the same cigarettes with the seeds.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2021

This study was carried out to establish optimal conditions for breaking dormancy of Agastache rugosa O. Kuntze seeds. A series of experiments according to seed maturity and treatment with plant growth regulators were performed to improve germination percentage and synchronize germination of the seeds. In addition, it was conducted to test whether the useful effect of seed treatment before sowing leads to healthy seedling and early vigorous growth. The average seed size was 1.85 mm (length) × 0.82 mm(width). The seed size was much smaller than other vegetable seeds. Seeds colorappeared dark brown, the shape of the seeds was oval and the weight of 1,000seeds was 352.8 mg. The optimum germination temperature was 22℃. Light exposure during germination did not affect germination promotion, suggesting that A. rugosa seeds are a kind of dark germinating seeds. Seed dormancy lasted for 40 days after harvesting, and GA3 treatment of dormant seeds could break dormancy. There were significant differences in germination percentage and rate according to the maturity of seeds. The germination percentage of mature seeds was 10 - 18% higher than that of immature seeds, and germination rate was 2 days faster. GA3 treatment during growth regulator treatment improved germinability, but BAP or ethephone treatment did not. The optimal growth regulator concentration of for germination was the combination treatment of 100 mM GA3 ＋ 100 mM BAP.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.457-462
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate basic seed characteristics such as morphological characteristics and various seed vigor using 4 sorghum varieties, Nampungchal, Donganme, Hwanggeumchal and Whinchal. No difference was shown in morphological characteristics of the varieties except that the width. Whinchal has bulb-shaped seed, while the other varieties have oval-shaped seeds. The seed coat color of Whinchal is obviously different from those of the other varieties; especially, Nampungchal and Hwanggeumchal are not glossy. Germination rate were Hwanggeumchal > Nampungchal > Donganme > Whinchal in the order of higher rate in standard germination tests and cold germination test. In the ageing test, Donganme showed the lowest 15% decrease in comparison with the standard cultivar. Electric conductivity (EC) has negative correlation with standard germination tests, cold germination test and accelerated ageing test. In the percentage of emergence (PE), Hwanggeumchal was the highest 85.7% which was more than 40% to the lowest Whinchal. Mean emergence time (MET) showed significant difference between the varieties; Whinchal showed the slowest 6.0 days.