• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.212-218
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• 2011

This study was performed to determine the relative quality of mungbeans harvested in bulk after applying a labor-saving cultivation (LSC) method, compared to mungbeans harvested three different times under the conventional cultivation condition. There was no significant difference in starch, crude protein, and vitexin or isovitexin content of seed according to the cropping system or harvest time. The mungbeans grown under the LSC method had the highest crude fat content, followed by mungbeans from the third-, the second- and the first-harvest mungbeans under the conventional cultivation. No significant difference was found in the composite ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids according to cropping system or harvest time. The second-harvest mungbeans grown under the conventional cultivation condition had 17 different types of fatty acids, while the third-harvest mungbeans grown under the conventional cultivation and those grown under the LSC condition had the fewest types of fatty acids with 12. Of the major saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid and arachidonic acid had the highest composite ratio in the first conventional cultivation followed by the second, the third and the LSC. However, stearic acid showed the opposite tendency. Of the major unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid had the highest composite ratio in the first conventional cultivation, followed by the second and third conventional cultivation and the LSC. Amylogram characteristics of the mungbeans were significantly different according to cropping system and harvest times. The mungbeans harvested after the first conventional cultivation had significantly higher pasting temperature, peak viscosity, holding strength viscosity, final viscosity and breakdown, while mungbeans harvested after the third conventional cultivation had significantly higher setback viscosity. In contrast, the mungbeans harvested under the LSC methods had a significantly lower amylogram value. When harvest rate, color values and amino acid content of sprout were measured, mungbeans grown under the LSC conditions had a low harvest rate of sprout, but had Hunter's color values and amino acid content of sprout similar to those of mungbeans grown under the conventional cultivation condition.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 1989

This experiment was carried out to study the effects of nitrogen concentration of cultural solution, rhizobium inoculation, and planting density on nodulation, contents of total-N and allantoin-N of the plants, and contents of crude fat and protein of the seeds with 4 cultivars and 1 non-nodulation isogenic line (Hwangeumkong, Jangbaegkong, Paldalkong, Clark, non-nodulating Clark) in nutri-culture. Modulation was increased significantly by the rhizobium inoculation and decreased by the increase of nitrogen concentration of the cultural solution and planting density, and more nodule per plant was observed in Hwangeumkong than other cultivars. Total nitrogen contents of the soybean plant were higher in Hwangeumkong and Janbaegkong compared with other two cultivars, and were increased by rhizobium inoculation and the increase of nitrogen concentration of the cultural solution except in case of $R_3$ stage of non-inoculation of rhizobium, and was decreased by the increase of planting density. Allantoin nitrogen contents of stem were lower in Paldalkong compared with other cultivars and was increased significantly by the rhizobium inoculation, and thus was correlated significantly with nodulation. Allantoin-N contents were also decreased by the increase of planting density and nitrogen concentration of the solution, and was very low in case of non-nodulating isogenic line at any level of nitrogen concentration. The contents of crude fat of the seed were lower in cases of higher nitrogen concentration of the solution and more plants per pot, but no effects of rhizobium inoculation was observed. The contents of crude protein were tend to increase by the increase of nitrogen concentration, but were little effected by rhizobium inoculation and planting density.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2003

All diets were based on feeds of fattening period pigs(LY x D, ca. 90 kg) with six treatments, which were the control, containing 5% beef tallow(C), 3% beef tallows and 2% perilla seeds oil(T1), 250 ppm vit. E(${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate) in T1(T2), 3% beef tallow and 2% squid viscera oil(T3), 250 ppm vit. E in T3(T4), and 3% beef tallow and 2% CLA(T5), respectively. Produced porks and their carcass characteristics were as follows. The daily gain of pigs was higher in T2 and 73 than any other treatments(p<0.05). Its T2 and T3 was 3.71 and 3.80 respectively, however, there was no significance in feed intake. The highest back fat thickness was shown in control group on market weight, while there was no significant difference on their initial weight. Loin-eye muscle area did not show any significant difference on initial weight and on market weight, however, its T5 was about twice as large as T2's. Content of triglyceride in blood was high in control group as compared to others; especially, the values for T3, T4 and T5 were significantly low(p <0.05). There was no significant difference in total cholesterol contents, and the ratio of HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol was higher in vit. E treated samples than untreated sample. Atherogenic index was high in sample with T3 and low in sample with T2. The perilla seed oil, squid fish oil, and vit. E decreased atherogenic index. Dressing percentage, back fat thickness, and grade did not show any significant difference(p >0.05); however, T2, C and T3, T1 and T5 showed 4.67, 4.29, 4.00 respectively, in grades.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.291-300
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• 2005

Two experiments were carried out to assess the appropriate incubation conditions namely; duration, moisture content and the ideal microbial inoculant for fermented dried food waste(EW) offered to broilers. The nutrient utilization of birds fed the FW diets at varying dietary inclusion rates was also compared with a control diet. In Experiment 1, different moisture contents(MC) of 30, 40, 50 and $60\%$ respectively were predetermined to establish the ideal duration of incubation and the microbial inoculant. A 1mL Aspergillus oryzae(AO) $(1.33\times10^5\;CFU/mL)$ was used as the seed inoculant in FW. This results indicated that the ideal MC for incubation was $40\~50\%$ while the normal incubation time was > 72 hours. Consequently, AO seeds at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00mL were inoculated in FW to determine its effect on AO count. The comparative AO count of FW incubated for 12 and 96 hours, respectively showed no significant differences among varying inoculant dosage rates. The FW inoculated with lower AO seeds at 0.10, 0.05 and 0.01mL were likewise incubated for 72 and 96 hours, respectively and no changes in AO count was detected(p<0.05). The above findings indicated that the incubation requirements for FW should be $%40\~50\%$ for 72 hours with an AO seed incoulant dosage rate of 0.10mL. Consequently, in Experiment II, after determining the appropriate processing condition for the FW, 20 five-week old male Hubbard strain were used in a digestibility experiment. The birds were divided into 4 groups with 5 pens(1 bird per pen). The dietary treatments were; Treatment 1 : Control(Basal diet), Treatment 2 : $60\%$ Basal+4$40\%$ FW, Treatment 3 : $60\%$ $Basal+20\%\;FW+20\%$ AFW(Aspergillus oryzae inoculate dried food-waste diet) and Treatment 4: $60\%$ Basal+$40\%$ Am. Digestibility of treatment 2 was lowed on common nutrients and amino acids compared with control(p<0.05) and on crude fat and phosphorus compared with AFW treatments(T3, T4)(plt;0.05). Digestibility of treatment 3 and 4 increased on crude fiber and crude ash compared treatment 2 (p<0.05). Digestibility of control was high on agrinine, leucine, and phenylalnine of essential amino acids compared with treatment 3 and 4(p<0.05), and diestibility of treatment 3 and 4 was improved on arginine, lysine, and threonine of essential amino acids. Finally, despite comparable nutrient utilization among treatments, birds fed the dietary treatment containing AO tended to superior nutrient digestion to those fed the $60\%$ Basa1+$40\%$ FW.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 1997

The weight ratio of the seed in jujube averaged to 19.1%. The chemical components of dried pitted-jujube were moisture 20.4%, protein 5.3%, fat 1.3%, ash 2.7%, fiber 4.4% and nitrogen-free extract 65.9%. Alcohol insoluble solid content of dried pitted-jujube was 17.4%, in which ammonium oxalate-soluble pectin was 3.7%, water-soluble pectin 3.0%, hydrochloric acid-soluble pectin 1.0%, and sodium hydroxide-soluble pectin 1.0%. Jujube contained sucrose, glucose and fructose as free sugar. The sugars of dried pitted-jujube was composed of sucrose 48.1%, fructose 18.7%, and glucose 11.3%. Drying experiments of pitted-jujube and unpitted-jujube were carried out. Moisture content and brix of dried pitted-jujube were reached at that of dried unpitted-jujube(11%, 78 brix in 48 hours of dry) in 11 hours of drying. And this means that dried pitted-jujube dried 4 times faster than dried unpitted-jujube. The extracts of dried pitted-jujube and dried unpitted-jujube were examinet according to the amount of water added and the extraction time. The brix of dried pitted-jujube extract for 30 min is similar to that of dried unpitted-jujube extract for 150 min. The brix of the extracts did not increase after 150 min extraction. As to the color of extract, 'L' value was higher in dried unpitted-be, while 'a' and 'b' values were higher in dried pitted-jujube.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.1522-1528
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• 2004

Electron spin resonance (ESR) and hydrocarbon characteristics were analyzed to establish identification conditions for irradiated dried red pepper. The ESR spectroscopy for 4 different parts (powder, pericarp, seed, stem) of the samples showed that irradiated samples signaled (g=2.024, 2.006, 1.987) a pair of peaks from a cellulose radical at intervals of 6 mT, which were not found on the non-irradiated samples. The ESR signals increased in directly proportion to the irradiation doses, which were still detectable after 12 weeks of storage at room temperature. The GC-MS analysis of hydrocarbons after fat extraction and separation by florisil column chromatography revealed that hydrocarbons, such as 1-tetradecene (14:1), 1,7,10-hexadecatriene (16:3), 1,7-hexadecadiene (16:2), 1-hexadecene (16:1), 6,9-heptadecadiene (17:2), and 8-heptadecene (17:1), were detected only from the irradiated samples immediately after irradiation and 8 months of storage. They linearly increased with the dose of irradiation, suggesting them as radiation-induced markers for irradiated dried red pepper.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.273-278
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• 2000

The chemical compositions as amino acids, minerals, fatty acids, and total polyphenolic compounds of the seeds of leek (Allium tuberusum) were analyzed. The antioxidative activity of water soluble extract from leek seeds was also tested in DPPH ($\alpha$, $\alpha$ - diphenyl-$\beta$ -picrylhydrazyl) method. The chemical compositions of leek seeds were moisture 4.4%, curde protein 25.7%, crude fat 16.6%, and crude ash 2.9%. Major amino acid compositions were proline 11 g, glutamic acid 4.9 g, arginine 2.1g, aspartic acid 1.6g, leucine 1.3g, valine 1.2 g, and methionine 1.1 g as per 100g. Mineral contents were K 215 ppm, Ca 142 ppm, Fe 124 ppm, and Mg 100 ppm. Major fatty acid compositions were linoleic acid 71.9%, oleic acid 12.7%, palmitic acid 8.6%, and stearic acid 1.4%. The changes of contents in polyphenolic compound from leek seeds caused by heat treatment were also listed in the following order; $20^{\circ}C$(364mg/100g), $40^{\circ}C$(462 mg/100g), and $60^{\circ}C$(551 mg/100g). Antioxidative activity as electron donating ability showed in the following order; 0.05% BHT(butylated hydroxytoluene)(45.6%)>0.05% water-extract(31.3%)>0.1% water extract(30.3%). On the basis of chemical analysis, the leek seedsshowed to have relatively high contents of nutrients as amino acids, minerals, fatty acids.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.759-763
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• 1994

For utilization of buckwheat as vegetable, rutin and minerals of the leaves at growing stages were investigated. The contents of crude protein and crude fat in seed of nine improved kinds of Korean buckwheat were $16.2{\sim}20.4%$ and $2.2{\sim}2.9%$ respectively. Ash content $(2.4{\sim}4.3%)$ in the improved kinds were higher than those in the native kinds. Content of crude fiber in the improved kinds were lower than those in the native kinds. Suwon 11 (0.12%) and Suwon 5 (0.11%) had high contents of rutin among the improved kinds. The composition of K, Ca, Mg and Fe in the improved kinds were better than that in the native kinds. Vegetable of the improved kinds had higher content of crude protein than the native kinds. Suwon 10 and 11 among vegetables of the improved kinds contained high amount of crude protein. Swon 5 had the highest content of rutin (0.40%) in the improved kinds. Suwon 5 was tested for the changes of rutin content in growing. Rutin content was 0.40% in the first growing stage, whereas 1.32% in the final growing stage. Insoluble materials in 10% HCl was also 69.8% in the first growing stage, whereas 4.68% in the final growing stage. Iron and calcium contents were increased with growing of vegetable.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.7
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• pp.165-174
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• 1989

In this study, antioxidative effectiveness of BHA, BHT of 0.02% was compared to that of separated phenolic acid, ester form and insoluble phenolic acid were extracted from 50g mustard seed removed fat antioxidative effectiveness was assumed, measuring Peroxide value, TBA value for 5 days, storaging respective substrate and contrast tube at $45{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 25 days. 1. Laboratory tube was added by BHA, BHT separated phenolic acid ester form and insoluble phenolic acid extract and peroxide value of contrast tube after 25 days storage were 31.9, 13.2, 16.6, 11.2, 35.91. On the other hand at the same condition TBA of each antioxidativity matter were 0.24, 0.16, 0.19, 0.17, 027, 0.35 as a result remarkably appeared antioxidative effectiveness in meal soybean oil substrate. 2. Total phenolic contents of free phenolic acid and insoluble phenolic acid in mustard were 13.2mg/10ml, 340.5mg/10ml, 2.1mg/10ml. 3. Phenolic acid separated and identificated were catechol, methylcatechol, salicylic acid, cinnamic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, sinapic acid.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.412-420
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• 2011

The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypocholesterolemic effect and potential of tyramine derivatives from Lycii Cortex Radicis (LCR), the root bark of lycium (Lycium chenese Miller) in reducing lipid peroxidation. The activities of enzymes, hepatic 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl (HMG) CoA reductase and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) and LDL oxidation were measured in vitro and animal experiments were also performed by feeding LCR extracts to rats. The test compounds employed for in vitro study were trans-N-p-coumaroyltyramine (CT) and trans-N-feruloyltyramine (FT), LCR components, N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin (CS) and N-feruloylserotonin (FS) from safflower seeds, ferulic acid (FA) and 10-gingerol. It was observed that FT and FS at the concentration of 1.2 mg/mL inhibited liver microsomal HMG CoA reductase activity by ~40%, but no inhibition of activity was seen in the cases of CT, CS, FA and 10-gingerol. Whereas, ACAT activity was inhibited ~50% by FT and CT, 34-43% by FS and CS and ~80% by 10-gingerol at the concentration of 1 mg/mL. A significant delay in LDL oxidation was induced by CT, FT, and 10-gingerol. For the animal experiment, five groups of Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed high fat diets containing no test material (HF-control), 1 and 2% of LCR ethanol extract (LCR1 and LCR2), and 1% of extracts from safflower seed (Sat) and ginger (Gin). The results indicated that total cholesterol level was significantly lower in Saf, LCR2 and Gin groups, and HDL cholesterol level was lower only in Gin group when compared with HF-control group; while there was no difference in the serum triglyceride levels among the five experimental groups. The level of liver cholesterol was significantly lower in LCR1 and LCR2 groups than HF-control Serum levels of TBARS were significantly lower only in LCR2 group when compared with HF-control group. From the observed results, we concluded that LCR can be utilized as a hypocholesterolemic ingredient in combination with ginger, especially for functional foods.