• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2002

Indoor seed treatments to elevate seedling emergence should be of value. The study was done to model the presown treatments of Platycodon grandiflorum seeds by evaluating the treatment effects of priming,$GA_3$, drying and water imbibition after drying on their germination and then their successive seed treatments on the basis of its seedling emergence. after priming using $Ca(NO_3)_2\;and\;GA_3$ treatment under their different concentrations and light quality illuminated for 12 hours a day were done separately and their two best results were compared to determine the better one, drying of imbibed seeds using the above best result and water imbibition of the dried seeds were successively done to check the rates of germination and emergence. In each treatment of priming and $GA_3$, the former best germination occurred at $Ca(NO_3)_2$ 150 mM done under 2 day darkness but the latter one did at 0.01 mM done under 12 hour a day red light forced for 3 days. Of the two best results from priming and $GA_3$ treatments, the latter result was shown higher germination rate. $GA_3$ treated seeds were best desiccated under $35^{\circ}C$ and 4 hour red light illumination. The germination rate of seeds dried after $GA_3$ treatment was enhanced as imibibed 2 days immediately before sowing. Seedling emergence of all 3 successive treatments, $GA_3$, drying and water imbibition before sowing was the greatest than the two others, only $GA_3$ treatment and the combination of $GA_3$ and drying, in which indicated that its presown seed treatment must follow the successive procedure of the above 3 ones.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.557-566
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• 2016

In nine commercial watermelon cultivars, the effects of osmotic seed priming were evaluated for seed viability and seedling growth at different germination temperatures and field conditions. Generally, primed seeds showed improved germination rate and reduced time for emergence at different germination temperatures, as compared to untreated seeds. In particular, priming effect on seed germination was significantly high at $15^{\circ}C$, which is an environment normally resulting in poor germination. Depending on the watermelon cultivar, germination rate under low temperature ($15^{\circ}C$) was improved by up to 15~66% in primed seeds, as compared to untreated seeds. However, priming effect on germination was gradually reduced as the temperature reached to its optimum level for seed germination. Seed priming tended to improve the viability, fresh weight, and dry weight of watermelon seedlings, but its effect on seedling stage was not large, as compared to untreated seeds. Primed watermelon seeds showed improved emergence rate and facilitated germination in the field, but their seedling growth after 30 days from germination was not significantly affected. Our results indicated that seed priming can greatly improve the seed germination at poor temperature conditions in the watermelon.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2016

Background: This study aimed to investigate the flowering and fruits formation characteristics of Korean Panax ginseng varieties. The results will provide basic data for ginseng seed production and breeding program. Methods and Results: The characteristics investigated included flowering date, seed setting rate, seed type and seed production. The ginseng variety Chungsun had the earliest emergency and flowering dates, whereas Sunhyang showed late emergence and flowering dates. The emergence date of Chunpoong was not later than that of the other varieties, but the flowering date was delayed. The seed setting rate was 64.6%, 75.8%, 78.5% and 74.4% for three, four, five and six-year-old varieties, respectively. The ratio of double seed (RD) for Sunhyang and Chungsun were higher than those for the others, whereas the RD for Chunpoong was the lowest. Yunpoong and Sunone had many stems per plant and a high seed production rate. Seed production was 21.7, 67.7, 74.4 and 89.0kg/10 a in three, four, five and six-year-old varieties, respectively. Conclusions: The emergence date ranged from April 15 to 25, and the flowering date was from May 10 to the 19 for the new ginseng varieties. The average seed multiplication of the ginseng varieties was about 8.5 and 21.1 times a year for varieties in which, seed-production occurs once a year for over four years and four times over six years, respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2010

This study was conducted to find out the effect of diniconazole treatment by seed soaking on the stretching of tomato and cucumber seedlings. The emergence rate of tomato and cucumber seed was decreased as diniconazole concentration was higher and soaking period was longer. The emergence rate of tomato seedlings was lower as the soaking period was longer in $1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ concentration treatments, although there was no significant difference. The other concentration treatment (10, 50, and $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) reduced emergence rate of tomato seedlings outstandingly in higher concentration and longer treated period, but 90% of treated seeds emerged at 10 days after sowing. As the concentration of diniconazol was higher and soaking period was longer, plant height and growth rate of seedlings were retarded. There covery of internodes growth was faster in lower concentration and shorter soaking period. The top and root fresh weight and dry weight of tomato and cucumber seedlings was not influenced by $1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ concentration, but these growth characteristics were reduced in higher concentration and longer soaking period. The dwarfed cucumber seedlings treated by diniconazol showed normal growth rate after planting and their male and female flower was set normally. These results suggest that the proper concentration and soaking period of diniconazol may be $10mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ concentration for 12 hours in tomato seed, and $1mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ concentration for 24 hours in cucumber seed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.183-191
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• 2022

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a perennial plant and propagates by seeds, and those need after-ripening for germination. To be ready for climate change and to ensure a stable seed supply, the technique for storing seeds in short-term and long-term in large quantities is required. In this study, dehisced ginseng seeds from two locations, batch #1 and batch #2, were stored at -3.5℃ with different moisture content, and after 3, 15, and 27 months of storage, the percentage of radicle emergence and shoot emergence were measured. After 3 months, radicle emergence and shoot emergence were normal only when the seed moisture content was more than 35%, and overall, germination was higher in batch #2 than in batch #1. After 15 months, the partially dehydrated seeds, with a moisture content between 45 to 54%, showed the highest germination rates, and most of the undried seeds were spoiled and failed to germinate. Seeds with moisture content lower than 25% had poor germination, too. The partially dehydrated seeds also succeeded in germination and growth in the soil after 15 months of storage, but deteriorated after one more 1 year, too. In summary, ginseng seeds look like have temperate recalcitrant seed characteristics, and partial dehydration allows extension of seed longevity.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.295-301
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• 1996

This study was carried out to clarify the effect of sprout length, burried depth of seed and CaO$_2$ seed coating on emergence, seedling stand and early growth of rice in puddled-soil drill seeding at Junbuk in 1995. The cultivar tested was Dongjinbyeo(Japonica type). Although the longer sprouted seeds were caused the better seedling stand, 4mm sprout length of seeds appeared to be appropriate for good seedling stand and seeding uniformity, while 6mm sprouted seed resulted in ununiform seedling establishment. Rapid emergence and increased seedling stand were obtained by CaO$_2$ seed coating, which had effect more on soaked seed than on sprouted seed, but the seedling stand of sprouted seeds significantly reduced at deeper than 1cm seeding depth and also emergence rate of sprouted seeds significantly reduced at deeper than 2cm seeding depth.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1988

Research was conducted to obtain easy and secure methods for promoting germination of Korean lawngrass (Zoysia japonic a Steud.) seed. The effect of sodium hypochiorite (NaOCl) treatment on germination of seeds was compared with that of potassium hydroxide (KOH) treatment under conditions of duration of seed storage after harvest and temperature of treatment. Emergence of seedlings from soil and micro-flora infection rate among seed treatments were investigated. 1. The promotion of germination was much more evident in seeds treated with 4% NaOCl for 8 and 10 hours than in seeds treated with 25% or 30% KOH for 30 and 40 minutes. Longer durations of storage before seed treatment in KOH than in NaOCl were required to initiate enough germination. 2. Differences in temperature of treatment with NaOCT did not have much influence on germination of seeds and treatment temperature of 15˚C was better than that of 200˚C and 300˚C for promoting germination. But seed treatment with KOH significantly promoted germination with increasing temperature of treatment from I 5˚C to 20˚C and 30˚C. 3. GA$_3$ treatment enhanced germination in NaOCl-pretreated seeds at early stage of imbibition and in-creased about 10% germination after 10 days of imbibition in KOH-pretreated seeds. 4. NaOC1 treatments significantly decreased the rate of the infection of microflora in seed samples and enhaced emergence of seedlings from soil compared with KOH treatment. 5. NaOC1 treatment had advantage over KOH treatment with respect to ease of preparing, securing and handling in stimulating germinating of Korean lawngrass seeds.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 2002

The performance of 7 sugary (su) and 12 shrunken-2 (sh2) sweet com hybrids which are commercially grown in the United States was tested in Korea. The 100-seed weight of su hybrids (16.5-23.6 g) was much heavier compared to that of sh2 hybrids (10.9-17.5 g). The germination rate of su and sh2 hybrids at $25^{\circ}C$ ranged 93.3-100% and 86.7-98.9%, the emergence rate of su and sh2 hybrids in cold test ranged 78.9-97.8% and 62.2-97.8%, and field emergence rate of su and sh2 hybrids ranged 74.4-100.0% and 79.9-98.2%, respectively. In su hybrids, there was a significantly positive correlation between germination rate at $25^{\circ}C$ and emergence rate in cold test or early growth. In contrast, in sh2 hybrids seed weight was positively correlated with early plant growth, while not with the germination rate at $25^{\circ}C$ or emergence rate in cold test and field. Most sh2 hybrids produced larger and more marketable ears compared to su hybrids although there were significant differences among the hybrids in the same genotype. At harvest (24 days after pollination) soluble solids content of su hybrids (24.3-27.1 Brix %) was much higher than that of sh2 hybrids (13.8-18.0 Brix %), while total sugars of sh2 hybrids (21.4-28.6% on the dry weight basis) was much higher compared to su hybrids (2.4-15.9%). Considering germination and emergence rates, marketable ear production, and total sugar content, 'GCB 70' and 'Sweet Satin' in su hybrids and 'Ice Queen', 'Aspen', 'Sweet Magic', 'Bandit', 'Xtrasweet 82', 'Aspen', and 'Cambella 90' in sh2 hybrids performed better than other hybrids.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 1981

Ginseng seeds were gathered from 3,4,5 and 6 years of age and were classified into four qroups (below 4mm, 4∼5mm, 5∼6mm and above 6mm in across sieve). They were sown in seedling bed and some characters were investigated in each qroup of seed size. 1. The distribution of seed size of below 4mm, 4-5mm, 5-6mm and 6mm were 23.7%, 60.8%, 12.4% and 4.5%, respectively. 2. The ratio of seed coat dehiscence was not affected by seed size but emergence ratio and emerging vigor were superior in large seed. 3. The large seed showed superiority in stem length, stem diameter, leat and also in root length, root diameter and root weight. but diseased root was not affected by seed size. The effect of age(seed harvest) was not significant on all those characters.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2004

Germination and emergence habits of Chinese milk vetch (CMV) were examined to obtain the basic information for the effect of environmental conditions and cultural practices on the seedling density. Seed germination tests with different water potentials, temperatures, and soil and water depths showed the environmental effects on the characters related to seed germination in CMV. Imbibition under different temperatures reflects that initial velocity was rapid at higher temperature, however, the times to full imbibition were not different between 15 and $25^{\circ}$. The optimal germination temperature for CMV germination was ranged from 15 to 20 and the germination was highly affected by water potential of media at relatively high temperature above $20^{\circ}$. When the seeds were sown in flooded condition the germination was not proportionally affected by water depth. In addition, there was no correlation between water depth and oxygen concentration. The germination of seeds flooded by 2cm water depth were poorly germinated compared to other depths. Results indicated that the germination of submerged seeds was more highly influenced by flooding depth than the temperature, it was also affected more strongly at 10 than $20^{\circ}$. Emergence of CMV depending on the thickness of covered soil was poor when the soil layer was greater than 5cm. In the experiment with seeds collected between 22 days after flowering (OAF) and 52 DAF, the highest germination ability of CMV seeds was observed at 39 DAF and germinability was decreased subsequently as seeds became mature. The lower germinability may be due to the enhanced seed dormancy.