• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2021

Increase in avian species richness is one of the important issues of urban biodiversity policies, since it can promote diverse ecosystem services such as seed dispersal, education, and pollination. However, though human disturbance can significantly affect avian species richness, there are limited studies on the way to reflect the dynamics of floating population. Therefore, this study analyzed the spatial relationship between avian species richness, floating population, and vegetation cover using telecommunications information to identify the areas that requiring targeted monitoring and restoration action. Bivariate Local Moran's I was applied to identify LISA cluster map that showing representative biotopes, which reflect significant spatial relationship between species richness and population distribution. Edge density and distribution of ndvi were identified for evaluating relative adequacy of selected biotopes to strengthen the robust biodiversity network. This study offers insight to consider human disturbance in spatial context using innovative big data to increase the effectiveness of urban biodiversity measures.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2000

소나무(Pinus densiflora), 쥐똥나무(Ligustrum obtusifolium), 그리고 오리나무(Alnus japonica)의 공간적 상관관계를 생태적, 유전적 분석을 통해 살펴보았다. 이 가운데, 소나무와 쥐똥나무의 생태적 공간관계는 양의 상관관계를 나타낸 반면, 쥐똥나무와 오리나무는 음의 상관관계를 나타내었다. Moran의 I값과 표준편차(SND: standard normal deviate)값에 의하면 소나무는 18 m에서 집단구조를 형성 한 반면, 쥐똥나무는 12.5 m간격으로 집단구조가 형성되어 있었다. 오리나무는 명확한 집단구조가 결여되어 있었다. 소나무와 쥐똥나무의 두 종간의 공간구조에 있어, 유전적으로 유의한 상관관계가 형성 된 것은 소나무의 수관이 비교적 좁고, 적절한 피음효과를 제공함으로써, 쥐똥나무의 생육에 기여하였기 때문으로 생각된다. 오리나무와 쥐똥나무의 경우, 광합성과 관련한 수광경쟁에서 비교적 넓은 오리나무의 수관 때문에,두 종간의 동소적 관계가 방해되는 것으로 추정된다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.73-93
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• 2006

소나무과 나무들은 자연생태계와 경관에 중요하고 경제적 가치도 높아 국민들이 가장 좋아하는 나무이지만 분포, 생태 및 자연사에 대한 정보는 적다. 이 연구는 한반도 소나무과 나무들의 분류체계, 계통발생과 기원, 외관, 분포, 산포와 이동, 생태를 검토하였다. 한반도에 자생하는 소나무과 나무는 소나무속, 가문비나무속, 이깔나무속, 전나무속, 솔송나무속에 속하는 5속 16종이다. 계통적으로 소나무속은 가문비나무속과 이깔나무속에 가까우며, 전나무속은 솔송나무속과 서로 가깝다. 플라이스토세 빙하기에 북방에서 들어온 침엽수들은 후빙기를 거치면서 한랭한 고산대와 아고산대에 살아남았다. 일부 침엽수는 한반도 북부와 남부 산지에 고립되어 적응하면서 풍산가문비나무나 구상나무와 같은 고유종이 되었다. 울릉도의 섬잣나무와 솔송나무는 오랫동안 격리되어 분포하는 종류이다. 한반도의 고산대와 아고산대에 자라며 씨앗에 날개가 없는 눈잣나무, 잣나무는 잣까마귀, 솔잣새, 어치 등 조류와 다람쥐 청서 등 설치류가 퍼트린다. 날개가 있는 소나무과 나무들은 주로 바람에 의해 씨앗이 퍼지는 것으로 보는데, 씨앗의 날개가 클수록 바람에 쉽게 퍼져 분포역이 넓고, 날개 크기가 작을수록 분포역이 좁다. 북한과 남한의 고산대와 아고산대와 섬에 격리되어 분포하는 종은 지구온난화와 같은 환경변화에 취약하며, 최근에 빠르게 확산되는 소나무재선충병은 소나무와 곰솔에 큰 위협이다. 나무를 근거로 자연환경 변천사를 복원하고, 자연생태계를 이해하며, 환경변화를 예측할 수 있다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.53-69
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• 2015

Plants and birds have symbiotic relationship as the birds eat the fruits and disperse its seeds from the different places. Because Brown-eared Bulbul eats various fruits, We investigated the fruits consumed by Brown-eared Bulbul and the distribution of these seeds. Surveys were conducted at several area throughout Jeju Island at least twice a month from 2013 to 2014. We identified the fruits consumed by Brown-eared Bulbul through observation, pictures and interviews from the local residents. Results showed that this species consumed fruits from 82 plant species, belonging to 38 plant families. Thirty nine percent(39%) of these plant species belong to the Rosaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae, Aquifoliaceae and Vitaceae and 33 species were classified as warm-temperate and subtropical plant which is 40% of the total plant species consumed. Two feeding types, which were gulper type and pecking type were observed for the Brown-eared Bulbul. It was also observed that this species preferred eating fruits of gulping type compared to that of pecking type. The average size of the fruits consumed through gulping was $8.92{\pm}3.41mm$ while it was $45.25{\pm}26.67mm$ for the pecker type. This bird species also consumed more fruits with globular shape compared to those of fruits with ellipse shape. For the fruit color, red and black-colored fruits were more preferred than yellow-colored fruits by Brown-eared Bulbul. Eaten frequency varied from 0.04 to 0.58 and the 10 fruits species were eaten frequently by Brown-eared Bulbul. This study would provide information for the role of Brown-eared Bulbul in the ecosystem as a seed dispersal agent.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2018년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.33-33
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• 2018

Air-borne plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum and seed-borne plant pathogenic bacterium Burkholderia glumae are cause similar disease symptoms in rice heads. Here we showed that two pathogens frequently co-isolated in rice heads and F. graminearum is resistant to toxoflavin produced by B. glumae while other fungal genera are sensitive to the toxin. We have tried to clarify the resistant mechanism of F. graminearum against toxoflavin and the ecological reason of co-existence of the two pathogens in rice. We found that F. graminearum carries resistance to toxoflavin as accumulating lipid in fungal cells. Co-cultivation of two pathogens resulted in increased conidia and enhanced chemical attraction and attachment of the bacterial cells to the fungal conidia. Bacteria physically attached to fungal conidia, which protected bacterium cells from UV light and allowed disease dispersal. Chemotaxis analysis showed that bacterial cells moved toward the fungal exudation compared to a control. Even enhanced the production of phytotoxic trichothecene by the fungal under presence of toxoflavin and disease severity on rice heads was significantly increased by co-inoculation rather than single inoculation. This study suggested that the undisclosed potentiality of air-born infection of bacteria using the fungal spores for survival and dispersal.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.254-262
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• 2019

Background: To exploit the ornamental and medicinal purposes of Lonicera harae Makino, L. subsessilis Rehder, L. praeflorens Batalin, and L. insularis Nakai, native to Korea, it is necessary to understand their seed ecology for propagation. In this study, we investigated the seed dormancy type and germination characteristics of seeds of the four Korean native Lonicera species. Results: The seeds of the four Lonicera species imbibed water readily, suggesting that the species do not have physical dormancy. Furthermore, the seeds exhibited underdeveloped embryos with only about 15-25% of the length of the seeds at dispersal. The embryos grew to the critical length with approximately 50-80% of the length of the seeds' development before radicle protrusion. Further, 94.4% and 61.1% of freshly matured seeds of L. insularis and L. harae germinated within 4 weeks after sowing at 15 ℃ and 20 ℃, respectively. Contrarily, L. praeflorens and L. subsessilis seeds did not germinate within 4 weeks under all temperature treatments. At 15 ℃, L. praeflorens seeds started to germinate from 5 weeks and the final germination rate was 51.1% at 13 weeks. At 15 ℃, L. subsessilis seeds started to germinate from 5 weeks after sowing and the final germination rate was 85.6% at 17 weeks after sowing. Embryo growth and germination of L. praeflorens and L. subsessilis occurred at a relatively high temperature (≥ 15 ℃). Conclusions: Overall, L. insularis seeds have only morphological dormancy. The seeds of L. harae have approximately 60% and 40% of morphological dormancy and morphophysiological dormancy, respectively. Contrarily, L. praeflorens and L. subsessilis exhibited non-deep simple-type morphophysiological dormancy that requires relatively high temperature (≥ 15 ℃) for embryo growth and dormancy breaking. The optimum temperature for the germination of seeds of L. insularis, L. harae, L. praeflorens, and L. subsessilis was 15 ℃, 20 ℃, 15 ℃, and 20 ℃, respectively. There was interspecific variation in seed dormancy and germination patterns in the four Lonicera species. The difference in these characteristics within the four Lonicera species could be useful for understanding the seed ecophysiological mechanisms of Lonicera species.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.457-462
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• 2019

본 연구는 각시괴불나무 종자의 휴면유형과 발아특성을 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 수분흡수 실험결과, 각시괴불나무 종자는 수분흡수가 원활히 이루어졌다. 따라서, 물리적 휴면은 가지지 않는 것으로 판단된다. 각시괴불나무 종자는 탈리 시점에 미숙배를 가지고 있으며, 발아직전까지 배/종자 비율이 약 46% 증가하였다. 온도실험결과, $5^{\circ}C$에서는 발아가 전혀 이루어지지 않았다. $20^{\circ}C$에서는 파종 후 1주부터 발아가 시작되었으며 최종 발아율은 2주차에 86.7%였다. $15^{\circ}C$에서는 파종 후 2주부터 발아를 시작하였으며, 최종 발아율은 4주차에 75.0%였다. $25^{\circ}C$에서 파종 후 1주부터 발아가 시작되었으며 최종 발아율은 19주차에 48.3%였다. 결론적으로, 각시괴불나무 종자의 발아를 위한 최적온도는 가장 높은 최종 발아율과 가장 짧은 평균 발아 일수를 나타낸 $20^{\circ}C$이다. 각시괴불나무 종자는 $5^{\circ}C$를 제외한 모든 온도에서 4주 이내에 발아하였기 때문에 생리적 휴면은 관찰되지 않았다. 따라서, 각시괴불나무 종자는 오직 형태적 휴면만을 가지는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.358-364
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• 2011

단풍나무류의 활력있는 종자의 공급량을 파악해 보고자, 2009년과 2010년의 초가을에 단풍속 6수종, 복장나무, 고로쇠나무, 우산고로쇠, 부게꽃나무, 당단풍 및 단풍나무 종자를 채취하여 종자특성과 종자활력을 조사하였다. 화서형태는 복장나무, 당단풍과 단풍나무는 산방화서(corymb), 고로쇠나무와 우산고로쇠는 위가 편평한 원추화서(flat-topped panicle), 부게꽃나무는 총상화서(raceme)였다. 화서당 종자�V의 개수는 부게꽃나무가 38.5개로 가장 많았고, 당단풍이 2.4개로 가장 적었다. 종자직경은 우산고로쇠가 13.5mm로 가장 크고, 당단풍이 4.7mm로 가장 작았다. 시과의 각도는 당단풍이 $130.05^{\circ}$로 가장 크고, 부게꽃나무가 $48.60^{\circ}$로 가장 작았다. 20 시과�V의 건조중량은 우산고로쇠가 3,900mg으로 가장 무거웠고, 부게꽃나무가 404mg으로 가장 가벼웠다. 채종한 단풍나무류 종자의 건전종자의 비율은 단풍나무는 50%, 다음으로 부게꽃나무는 43.2%로 나타났다. 나머지 4 수종은 8.6~22.2% 정도로 나타나, 낙하종자에 대한 설치류의 피식량, 건조의 피해, 낙엽층의 발아방해 등을 고려하면 고로쇠, 우산고로쇠 복장나무, 당단풍나무 등의 천연갱신이 잘 이루어지지 않는 것이 건전종자의 공급량 부족이 하나의 원인일 수 있을 것이라 사료된다. 고로쇠, 우산고로쇠, 부게꽃나무 및 당단풍나무의 종피에서 벌레에 의한 천공피해가 관찰되었으며, 고로쇠나무와 우산고로쇠의 종자에서는 검정긴꽃바구미(Bradybatus sharpi)가 공통적으로 관찰되었다. 단풍나무류의 천연갱신을 이해하기 위해서 종자결실과 비산전 후 종자피식 문제에 대한 장기간의 연구가 필요할 것이라 사료된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2021

Background: Asarum sieboldii Miq., a species of forest understory vegetation, is an herbaceous perennial belonging to the family Aristolochiaceae. The metapopulation of A. sieboldii is distributed sparsely and has a short seed dispersal distance by ants as their seed distributor. It is known that many flowers of A. sieboldii depend on self-fertilization. Because these characteristics can affect negatively in genetic structure, investigating habitat structure and assessment of genetic structure is needed. A total of 27 individuals in a valley were sampled for measuring genetic diversity, genetic distance, and genetic differentiation by RAPDPCR. Results: The habitat areas of A. sieboldii metapopulation were relatively small (3.78~33.60 m²) and population density was very low (five to seven individuals in 20×20 m quadrat). The habitat of A. sieboldii was a very shady (relative light intensity = 0.9%) and mature forest with a high evenness value (J = 0.81~0.99) and a low dominance value (D = 0.19~0.28). The total genetic diversity of A. sieboldii was quite high (h = 0.338, I = 0.506). A total of 33 band loci were observed in five selected primers, and 31 band loci (94%) were polymorphic. However, genetic differentiation along the valley was highly progressed (G_st = 0.548, N_m = 0.412). The average genetic distance between subpopulations was 0.387. The results of AMOVA showed 52.77% of variance occurs among populations, which is evidence of population structuring. Conclusions: It is expected that a small-scale founder effect had occurred, an individual spread far from the original subpopulation formed a new subpopulation. However, geographical distance between individuals would have been far and genetic flow occurred only within each subpopulation because of the low density of population. This made significant genetic distance between the original and new population by distance. Although genetic diversity of A. sieboldii metapopulation is not as low as concerned, the subpopulation of A. sieboldii can disappear by stochastic events due to small subpopulation size and low density of population. To prevent genetic isolation and to enhance the stable population size, conservative efforts such as increasing the size of each subpopulation or the connection between subpopulations are needed.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제48권
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• pp.41-48
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• 2003

The number of natural products obtained from plants has now reached over 100,000 and new chemical compounds are being discovered ever year. Medicinal and Aromatic plants and their extracts have been used for centuries to relieve pain, aid healing, kill bacteria and insects are important as the antifungal and anti-herbivore agents with further compounds being involved in the symbiotic associations. Although their functions in plants have not been fully established, it is Known that some substances have growth regulatory properties while others are involved in pollination and seed dispersal. The complex nature of these chemicals are usually produced in various types of secretory structures which is an important character of a plant family and also influenced and controlled by genetic and ecological factors. Detailed anatomical description of these structures ave relevant to the market value of the plants, the verification of authenticity of a given species and for the detection of substitution or adulteration. Volatile oils are used for their therapeutic action for flavoring of lemon, in perfumery of rose or as starting materials for the synthesis of other compounds of turpentine. For therapeutic purposes they are administered as inhalations of eucalyptus oil, peppermint oil, as gargles and mouthwashes of thymol and transdermally many essential oils including those of lavender, etc. With these current trend for using volatile components in essential oil will be increasing in the future in Korea and in the world as well.