• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.17-35
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• 1994

This study was performed to investigate and assess the heavy metal contamination of sediment in main stream and tributaries of the Han-river in the vicinity of Seoul. Sediment were sampled at eight locations of main stream and eighteen locations of tributaries in the spring, summer, and fall in 1993. Six heavy metals of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Hg, were assessed. For an assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediment, the assessment method of Hakanson was modified to estimate for Han-river, then classification method of Muller in sediment quality was applied. For an assessment of contamination in each heavy metal, Contamination factor C$_f^i$ which was defined the ratio of concentration of i heavy metal in investigated location to background concentration of i heavy metal in uncontaminated upper area was used. The sediment quality in each heavymetal was classified as follows if C$_f^i$<1, Class I for Non contamination, if 1 < C$_f^i$ < 3, Class II for Low contamination, if 3< C$_f^i$ <6, Class III for Moderate contamination, if 6< C$_f^i$ <12, Class IV for Considerable contamination, and if C$_f^i$ > 12, Class V for High contamination.(abbreviation)

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2019

Andong-dam was built up in 1967 and it is one of the biggest dams in Korea. Previous studies showed that the sediments are highly contaminated with heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, and lead. Many research projects are going on to find out the source of the contamination, to evaluate the toxicities to ecosystem, to estimate the volume of sediment to be treated and to find out a good remediation method. Reports show that the sediment is highly contaminated and the main contamination source is supposed to be abandoned mines and a zinc refinery located upper stream of the river. A magnetic separation has been tested as a treatment method for the dredged sediment. Lab scale test showed that the magnetically captured portion is about 10% in weight but the contamination of heavy metal is much higher than the contamination of the passed portion. This indicates that a magnetic separation could be applied for the purpose of reduction of sediment to be treated and for increasing the volume of low toxic sediments which can be dumped as general waste. A magnetic separation using a HGMS has been tested for the sediment with variable magnetic field and the results showed the higher magnetic field increase the captured portion but the concentrating effect of heavy metal was weakened. Further study is needed to establish a useful technology and optimization between decontamination and reduction of sediment volume.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2018

In order to analyze the effects of sediment on the occurrence of algal bloom on the Giheung Reservoir, the contamination levels of sediments were evaluated. The concentrations of various organic compounds (ignition loss), as well as the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Co, Ni, Pb, As, Hg, Cd) were analyzed in the sediments taken at eighteen sites of the reservoir. The concentrations of ignition loss and total nitrogen tended to increase from upstream to downstream, and ranged from 4.38 to 12.93% and 2,153 to 4,723 mg/kg, respectively. Heavy metals were in the order of Zn>Cr>Co>Ni>Pb>As>Hg, and the contamination level of the heavy metals was not high as a whole. The concentrations of the total phosphorus were in the range of 765 ~ 3,238 mg/kg, which exceeded the contamination level of the "Sediment Quality Assessment Guideline of River and Lake Sediment (Rule No. 2015-687 of the National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea)" at two upstream sites, four downstream sites, and all downstream sites. These results indicated that the pollution level of the total phosphorus, which is the main factor related to algal bloom, was found to be serious. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a countermeasure for sediment management in order to control the algal bloom which occurs periodically in the reservoir.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.224-231
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• 2002

Vertical distributions of coprostanol (5$\beta$-cholestan-3$\beta$-ol) and other sterols were investigated in the intertidal sediment of Shinbul island in the Han River estuary to estimate the short-term variations of fecal contamination in association with reclamation activity which caused a construction of tidal barrier and emigration of residents from the island. Quantitative contributions of coprostanol in total sterol (9.87-15.84%) and in total organic carbon (82.0-157.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$ g$^{-1}$ OC) implied that a substantial amount of organic matter associated with fecal pollutants was introduced into the sediment. The highest contribution of coprostanol to organic carbon that was observed between 0.3-0.9 cm depth seemed to be associated with increased human activities for the reclamation project of the island. The ratio of coprostanol to organic carbon decreased within 0.3 cm depth, which indicated decreased fecal contamination after the emigration of residents from the island. The results suggested that measurement of coprostanol could relevantly reflect short-term fluctuation of fecal contamination in the sediment of the Han River estuary.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.83-92
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• 1998

마산시 하수 종말처리장의 년간 방류량은 63×10/sup 6/ m³ 이며 처리수의 해양방류로 인하여 방류위치에 부하되는 중금속의 량은 년간 Zn 8,645 Kg, Ni 3,291 Kg, Cu 1,636 Kg 그리 고 Pb 1,250 Kg으로 방류지점 표층 퇴적물의 중금속 오염이 급속히 진행 되고 있다. 특히 Zn과 Cu는 동일 위치의 비오염층과 비교 할 때 3배 정도 오염되었다. 다양한 오염도 평가방법으로 방류지역 퇴적물을 평가한 결과 USEPA의 퇴적물 오염도 기준과 비교하였을 때 "극심한 오염 수준" 이었으며, 다종의 중금속 측정결과에 의한 종합적인 오염도 판단 결과는 "상당한 오염수준"으로 오염이 증가 되었다. 이와같이 오염이 증가된 방류 해역 표층 퇴적물의 중금속 함량을 생태위해성 기준을 적용하여 평가하였을 때 16～47%의 생육저해를 유발할 수 있는 오염수준으로 평가되었다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.244-253
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• 2010

The quality of marine sediments from the industrialized coastal areas of Korea (Ulsan Bay, Masan Bay, and artificial Lake Shihwa) was investigated using a bacterial bioluminescence toxicity test. Sediment toxicity results were compared with the levels of chemical contamination (trace metals, organic wastewater markers, acid volatile sulfides, total organic carbon). Effective concentration 50% (EC50) of sediments ranged from 0.014 to 1.126 mg/mL, which is comparable to or lower than values in contaminated lakes, rivers, and marine sediments of other countries. Sediment reference index (SRI) ranged from 13 to 1044, based on the EC50 of the negative control sample. Mean average SRI values in Masan Bay and Lake Shihwa were approximately 8 and 9 times as high as that in Ulsan Bay, indicating higher sediment toxicity and greater contamination in the two former regions. Sediment toxicity were strongly associated with the concentrations of some chemicals, suggesting that this test may be useful for determining potential chemical contamination in sediments.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.412-424
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• 2021

Understanding the distribution of heavy metals in sediment is necessary because labile heavy metals can partition into the water column and bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. Here we investigated six heavy metals (Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in sediment cores using a five-step sequential leaching method to examine the occurrence of heavy metals in the sediment. The results showed that all elements, except Mn, are depleted in the exchangeable and carbonate fractions. However, heavy metal concentrations are much higher in the Fe-Mn oxide and organic matter fractions, especially for Cu, indicating enrichment in the organic matter fraction. Furthermore, contamination parameters (contamination factor and geoaccumulation index) indicate that Mn contamination is high, primarily derived from anthropogenic sources, presenting a potential risk to ecosystems in the Nakdong River.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2013

Water quality and contamination of sediment is a growing concern in the Iksan stream of Korea. Heavy metal contamination and changes in the physicochemical properties of the stream were evaluated. Water and sediment samples were collected from six sites during the dry and rainy seasons; pH, DO, EC, ORP, turbidity, $PO_4$-P, $NO_3$-N and selected heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, As, Zn, Cd, Hg) were measured. Results showed almost no change in pH between seasons. DO was highest at site 2 (~2.63 mg/L) in the dry season; EC (1,540 ms/m) was greatest at site 1 in both seasons. The ORP gradually increased from the dry to rainy season at most of the sites and was highest at site 5. Turbidity was highest at site 1 and gradually decreased from the dry to rainy season at all sites except site 3. $PO_4$-P ranged from a high of 1,193mg/L at site 1 to in the dry season to a low of ~1.2 mg/L at site 4. In contrast, $NO_3$-N was highest at site 3 in the rainy season (12,531 mg/L). Among the heavy metals measured, Cu and Zn concentrations were highest at all sediment sites. Cu and Zn are added to livestock feed to improve reproductive rates and can be carried to the stream with manure. Transport of sediment and heavy metals during the rainy season is the major source of stream contamination and it is important to continue monitoring and take necessary action in these areas.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2003년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.115-119
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• 2003

Pollutants from industry, mining, agriculture, and other sources have contaminated sediments in many surface water bodies. Sediment contamination poses a severe threat to human health and environment because many toxic contaminants that are barely detectable in the water body can accumulate in sediment at much higher levels, the purpose of this study was to make convenient sampling method and optimal treatment of sediment for water quality improvement in reservoir or stream based on an evaluation of degree of contamination. Results for analysis of S-reservoir sediments were observed that copper concentration of almost areas were higher than the regulation of soil pollution (50 mg/1) for the riverbed. S-stream sediments were observed that copper, arsenic and TPH concentration of almost areas were exceeded soil pollution concerning levels for factorial areas. We used Remscreen(version. 1.0) program which is contaminated soil recovery program to select optimal treatment method of contaminant sediments. The result was shown in the order of Thermal Calcination > Excavation, Retrieval and Off-site Disposal(comparative less then contaminant) > Low Temperature Thermal Desorption + Solidification/Stabilization.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.861-867
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• 2011

새만금호로 유입되는 만경강과 동진강의 하상 퇴적물의 오염도를 파악하기 위하여, 퇴적물 중 강열감량, COD, 총질소, 총인 및 중금속(As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn)의 농도를 분석하였다. 강열감량, COD, 총인의 농도는 각각 평균 2.40 (${\pm}2.18$)%, 2.97 (${\pm}3.06$)mg/g sediment, 0.370 (${\pm}0.351$) mg/g sediment이었으며, 이들 물질에 의한 퇴적물의 오염도가 높지 않았다. 하지만 2008년에 비해 2009년의 시료에서 농도가 증가하였으며, 이러한 결과는 퇴적물의 오염이 점진적으로 진행되고 있음을 의미한다. 총질소의 경우에는 0.59~13.11 mg/g sediment로 채취 지점 및 채취 시기에 따라 변이가 컸으며, 국내 하천 및 호소의 퇴적물 준설 기준과 비교할 때, 질소 오염이 심한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 새만금호의 수질을 유지하기 위하여 만경강과 동진강의 질소오염의 원인을 파악하고 대책의 수립이 필요함을 의미한다. 중금속의 경우에는 크롬을 제외하고 토양오염우려기준을 초과하지 않아 오염이 일어나지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 크롬의 경우, 만경강 상류의 일부 지역에서 우려기준을 초과하는 높은 농도가 측정되어, 이에 대한 원인 분석과 대책 수립이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.