• Korean Security Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.103-125
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• 2005

Hazard are defined here as threat to life, well-being, material goods and environmental from the extremes of natural processes or technology. The challenges of natural and technology in increasing the exposure of people and property to risk pose a dilemma for any government seeking the fullest protection for its people and their property. As society progresses and as technology improves and becomes ever more intricate and far reaching, the human species is confronted with increasingly diverse and numerous catastrophic events. Not so infrequently, unfortunately, the impact of either a man-made or natural disaster is compounded by the fact that policy makers have neither prepared themselves or the public to respond appropriately to a disaster once the tragedy has struck. Many concerns have been raised for importance of emergency management after 1990's numerous urban disasters in Korea. Emergency management is the discipline and profession of applying science, technology, planning, and management to deal with extreme events that can injure or kill large numbers of people, cause extensive damage to property, and disrupt community life. When the primary function of private security is to protect lives and property of clients, emergency management should be included in the security service and many countermeasures should be carried out for that purpose. The purpose of this study is to establish ways and means needed to improve the private security emergency management system in Korea. This study is spilt into four chapters. Chapter I is the introduction part. Chapter II introduces the reader to a private security and emergency management theory, and Chapter III deals with the establishment of an effective emergency management system in Korea private security, Chapter IV is a conclusion. Policy makers and private security industry employers in Korea has not concerned with the importance of training and education by lack of recognition and has been passive about qualified guards. And the authorities supervising and the administrating the guards has not recognized the importance of private security and has neglected the training of the guards. In theses contexts, private security should develop and maintain a educational program of emergency management to meet their responsibilities to provide the protection and safety of the clients. Today's modern corporate security director, is, first of all, a competent, well-rounded business executive and, second, a 'service expert'. And, emergency management personnel in private security industry need continuous training.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.1
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• pp.163-191
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• 1989

The accident of the midair collision, passengers' falling or goods' dropping occurs or supersonic aircraft make a sonic boom during their conveying passengers or goods to the destination. The accident in transmit damages the their parties on the surface or their properties. In these cases, the third parties who were harmed to their lives or properties have the right to claim damages against the air carrier who caused them. These matters have become one of the important things since aircraft conveyed passengers and goods. Therefore, it is a great concern to settle these matters by law. But the Safety of the present aircraft has been much increased and the aircraft have become larger in size. Its flight altitude became higher than before. So the relationship of the aircraft to the third parties is much different from that of the earlier aircraft. The air transport is now indispensable to our life. It is not so easy to control these matters. In the early part of 20th century, when the third parties suffered the damage, many European countries made laws on the basis of the principle of liability without fault. But each country had a variety of its own law, and different kinds of difficulties have been brought about. Accordingly, the Rome Convention on Surface Damage (1933, 1952, 1978) has been made and revised. In spite of being revised, it contains many problems, and is not carried into effect world-wide. On the other hand, there are no regulations about the compensation of the third parties damaged in Korean existing laws. In case the damage is brought about to them, it is obviously true that the settlement of the liability of compensation for damage should be made by the general principle on the tort in domestic laws. At this point, it is urgent that we make a special law though the domestic legislation as a preliminary measure before we sign the international convention to save third damaged. It is desirable that we should, for the responsibility of the air carriage for the demage of the third parties on the surface, bring in the theory of the absolute liability in view of the legislation of many conutries. As the aircraft fly in the sky, their flight always contains some danger. It is very difficult to prove the fault, and the operator should suffer the principle of liability without fault or the similiar one. In case the liability without fault will be imposed upon the operator for the damage of the third parties, it is necessary to bring in the liability protection system for the protection and up upbringing of the air carriage. The Burden of danger of the air carriage will be reduced by introducing the system. A domestic legislation measure should be necessarily taken as soon as possible as a legal security measure on these matters.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.165-182
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to study on the third party logistics service enforcement of inland container depot at Pusan area. The main results of this paper are as follows: First, the inland container depot related to location selecting factor researches analyzed and korean TPL market reviewed. Second, the TPL service function reinforcement method and investments are mentioned. In detail the 9 factors are as follows: competitive high position and improvements of harbor back complex, ICD goods enterprise investment strategies, the harbor back which is inexpensive only the rent, taxes benefit and incentive, site security and base facility expansion, the goods service provision which is flexible, connection plan construction of goods enterprise, the incentive strategic establishment which is discriminated, the marketing activity which is long-term. and lastly the ICD and TPL Policy are needed that government and logistic enterprise's cooperation gains competitive advantage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.33-42
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• 2016

Domestic harbor yard storage facilities are a place specifically located in a container terminal for import and export of packaged dangerous goods, and due to the recent relaxed criteria for the secured open area, concerns for the extended damage upon accidents are increasing. In this study, the impact of damages by radiant heat was analyzed through a simulation of a pool fire caused by the leakage of flammable liquids from a tank container. As a result, it was analyzed that the distance of radiant heat according to threshold damage levels was beyond the current criteria of the secured open area, and the structural damage of adjacent containers could happen within a very short time if they were exposed to the early pool fire continuously. It is considered that this study will be helpful in preparing the proper criteria for the secured open area between yard storage facilities in a container terminal.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.58
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• pp.179-213
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• 2013

While a performance type guarantee is required as a security for non-performance risk by a seller, a payment guarantee is used as a security for non-payment risk by a buyer(or a borrower in a loan agreement). A payment guarantee is a type of independent bank guarantee, bank guarantee, bond, demand guarantee, or standby letter of credit. A guarantor accepts a credit risk of a principal which is normally a buyer in a contract for sale of goods. A payment guarantee is independent of the underlying relationship between the applicant and the beneficiary. The guarantor is only empowered to examine the beneficiary's demand and determine the payment on its face to the terms of the guarantee. A payment guarantee is thus different from a suretyship. The principle of independence carries a significant advantages for a guarantor as well as for a beneficiary. While a documentary credit requires B/L, commercial invoice, packing list, inspection certificate, etc., a typical payment guarantee does not require any evidence for a seller's performance of the underlying contract other than written demand. In this respect payment guarnatee can be a more secured facility than a documentary credit. A payment guarantee normally comes into force from the issuing date and shall remain in effect until all sums guaranteed shall be paid in full by a buyer(or a borrower) or by a guarantor. Although a guarantor shall pay a demand made in accordance with the terms and conditions of the payment guarantee, a payment demand may be denied when it is determined to be abusive or unfair.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.12
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• pp.65-84
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• 1999

During the past few decades, we have witnessed three approaches to overcome the legal disparities between trading countries: - determining the individual governing law in accordance with the conflict of laws principle; - unifying and harmonizing private international law into uniform rules and substantive laws under the auspices of ICC, UNCITRAL, UNIDROIT and various NGOs ; and - drafting model laws like the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce and promoting member countries to enact them. Against this backdrop, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the process by which it was adopted, established the benchmark for the unification of commercial law. The CISG, completed in 1980, merged civil and common law concepts and came into force in 1988 after a certain number of countries endorsed the treaty. Besides the CISG, the U.N. Limitations Convention and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Law, to name a few, have attempted to set cross-border legal norms and standards in the international business transactions. However, since the advent of computer-based commerce, there have emerged all-out efforts to establish uniform rules before national legal systems have been developed. As a consequence, the Model Law on Electronic Commerce has become a specimen legislation covering functional equivalents of paper-based writing and signature. For the credit enhancement exemplified by the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees (ICC Publication No.458), the UNCITRAL prepared the U.N. Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit, which was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly in 1995 but remains still not effective as only two countries have ratified this treaty so far. In this connection, two draft conventions underway at UNIDROIT and UNCITRAL deserve our attention as the probability of unification in the Korean Peninsula is mounting. They are to create security interests for commercial finance in moveable equipment and accounts receivable. The UCC-type security rights are regarded to be useful to enable the North Koreans with limited properties to borrow from the banks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2017

Drone technology has been used in various fields including personal hobby, pesticide application and shipping etc. However, only few drone technologies are used in restricted fields such as transportation of alimony goods and utilization of video because of the limited utilization aspect of disaster management field. Especially, disaster specialists' the lack of understanding of the drones seems to increase the difficulty of activating drone technology in disaster management. The theme of the thesis aims to share outline of drones' control method and education plan. This project also analysis the reasons why drone has not been used in disaster management with the fact that drone can be a vital part of emergency management. We propose improved application plan to use drone technology and future development direction in disaster management by deriving problems in terms of institutional aspects(regulation and education) and sensor-based application problems camera, thermal camera, infrared sensor, RFID.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.14
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• pp.151-180
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• 2004

Owing to the digital revolution, Internet Commerce and Electronic commerce, revolutionize the way of doing business and making payment. The entrance of the Internet has a prominent for spread of Electronic Commerce and those phenomenons will result in paperless trading and cashless trade. By virtue of Internet, an increasing share of business transactions occurs online. Electronic payment is essential for the smooth progress of the electronic commerce as electronic payment plays the important role in the electronic commerce, that is, the value transfer restyling from the electronic commerce. Traditionally international settlement systems such as letters of credits, remittance and documentary collections operated as important and poplar method of payment, Now, information technology has made it possible to pay for the sale of goods and services over the internet. In international trade, there are service providers (bolero, TradeCard, BeXcom) to settle payment electronically through the Internet. The purpose of this study is to Conduct comparative analysis with approach manner functional respect systematic respect, role. It is shown which the Electronic payment system is better. In this study, the author attempts to find the problems is (bolero, TradeCard, BeXcom) and solutions in switching from the documentary payment system to the electronic one. This conclusion of this study can be summarized as followings. In resoect of the law, bolero should seek to prevert the users from being treated unfairly due to multilateral agreement on Rulebook. TradeCard, BeXcom do not have the proper law that users are governed. so far as the practice problems concerned, stability of computer's operation and security of message interchange should be warranted and improved continuously. Through the standardization of the electronic document and the development of software, the examination of the shipping occuments must be done automatically. Bolero should induce more banks to take part in Bolero, and make the carrier the cost and time in managing the traditional document which will be used for the time being. In respect of information technology and security, to deduce the risk in the electronic settlement system and positively uses the global authentication guideline(Identrus).

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.19-25
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose an user-centered integrated lost-goods management system through a ranking system based on weight and a hierarchical image classification system based on Deep Learning. The proposed system consists of a hierarchical image classification system that automatically classifies images through deep learning, and a ranking system modules that listing the registered lost property information on the system in order of weight for the convenience of the query process.In the process of registration, various information such as category classification, brand, and related tags are automatically recognized by only one photograph, thereby minimizing the hassle of users in the registration process. And through the ranking systems, it has increased the efficiency of searching for lost items by exposing users frequently visited lost items on top. As a result of the experiment, the proposed system allows users to use the system easily and conveniently.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.201-219
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• 2018

This paper suggested a theoretical model, in which a security-based(secured loan, non-secured loan) credit agreement determines the form of corporate cost function through a loaning company's cost minimization in the light of a company which behaves monopolistically in product markets. Also, this paper analyzed the influence of a corporate credit agreement on market equilibrium, and economic welfare in product markets. As a result, it was found that in case a company, whose equity capital is small, implements borrowing based on a secured loan from a financial institution, the company comes to face borrowing restraints, in which the company has no choice but to get a loan within the scope of securities. When a company offers its capital goods, i.e. a production factor, as a security, there occurs a distortion to the production factor input ratio. Meanwhile, when a company comes to get a loan based on an unsecured loan, for which the interest rate is high, marginal cost rises; accordingly, the company comes to choose a credit agreement aiming at maximizing its profits. However, a company's choice of a credit agreement is not quite desirable from a consumer's viewpoint, and from the whole economic point of view; overall, such a choice is likely to aggravate economic welfare.