• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.93-93
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• 2017

To develop rice cultivars with increased biomass and grain yield, superior lodging resistance is an essential trait. The new breeding approach can be adopted for the improvement of stem lodging resistance by enhancing culm strength. The resistance to breaking type lodging is attributed to bending moment of basal culm (M), which is composed of the section modulus (SM) and bending stress (BS). The resistance to the bending type lodging is attributed to flexural rigidity (FR) of stem, which is composed of the secondary moment of inertia (SMI) and Young's modulus (YM). Starch and cell wall components such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin also play a significant role in physical strength of culm, and thus affect lodging. Leaf Star has a superior lodging resistance due to its thick and stiff culm because of its high M and FR compared with Koshihikari. Furthermore, Leaf Star contains high densities of hemicellulose, cellulose and low lignin density in culm compared with Koshihikari. In this study, we performed QTL analysis for these traits associated with culm strength, using 94 recombinant inbred lines (RILs, $F_8$), derived from a cross between Leaf Star and Koshihikari. The SM in the RILs showed a continuous distribution. QTLs for SM were detected on chrs.2, 3 and 10. Leaf Star alleles increased SM on chrs. 2 and 3, but Koshihikari allele increased on chr.10. These QTLs overlapped with those QTLs identified using backcrossed inbred line derived from a cross between Chugoku 117 and Koshihikari, the parents of Leaf Star. The FR in Leaf Star was higher than that in Koshihikari due to the larger SMI and YM. 3 QTLs for SMI were detected on chrs.2, 3 and 10. Leaf Star alleles increased SMI on chrs.2 and 3, and Koshihikari alleles increased on chr.10. One QTL on chr.3 and two QTLs on chr.5 for hollocelulose content were detected with Leaf Star alleles contribution. Moreover, two QTLs were detected for hemicellulose density on chrs.3 and 5. Leaf Star allele increased hemicellulose density on chr.5, and Koshihikari allele increased on chr.3. Furthermore, two QTLs for cellulose density were detected on chr.5, and one QTL on chr.2. For starch content, one QTL on chr.3 and two QTLs on chr.5 with Leaf Star alleles contribution were detected. TULK-6 carrying a chromosome segment of Leaf Star on chr.5 in the Koshihikari genetic background showed higher densities of starch and hemicellulose than those in Koshihikari. These results suggest that the detected QTLs for culm strength could be utilized for the improvement of lodging resistance in rice by marker-assisted selection.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.133-133
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• 2017

Lodging is one of the important constraints in rice production. The lodging destroys the canopy structure, and sharply reduces the capacity of photosynthetic rate and dry matter production. In cereal crops, stem lodging can be classified into two types: stem breaking type and stem bending type. To improve stem lodging resistance, it is important to reveal strong culm traits of superior lodging resistant varieties. There are large varietal differences in parameters associated with the bending moment at breaking (M) and flexural rigidity (FR). The indica variety Takanari possesses large M due to its large section modulus (SM) despite of its small bending stress (BS), while Takanari also has large FR due to its large secondary moment of inertia (SMI) and Young's modulus (YM). To identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and the corresponding genes associated with the parameters for M ($=SM{\times}BS$) and FR ($=SM{\times}YM$) should enable to develop lodging resistant varieties, efficiently. In order to identify QTLs for cell wall materials such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin associated with BS and YM, a set of Chromosome Segment of Substitution Lines (CSSLs) consisted of 37 lines with chromosome segments of Koshihikari in the genetic background of Takanari were used. Takanari had large M and small BS as compared with Koshihikari. The QTLs for BS were estimated on chromosomes 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Koshihikari alleles increased BS in these QTLs. Takanari had a large FR due to its large SMI and YM as compared with Koshihikari. The YM was increased by substitution of the Koshihikari chromosomal segments on chromosomes 2, 10 and 11. Other QTLs estimated on chromosomes 7 and 12 that Koshihikari alleles contributed to the decrease of YM. For lignin, only one major QTL for lignin density was detected on chromosome 11. Hollocellulose densities were increased by the substitution of Koshihikari segments on chromosomes 5 and 11. On the other hand, these were decreased on chromosomes 1 and 3 by substitution of Koshihikari segments. QTLs for cellulose density were estimated on chromosomes 1, 3 and 5 by substitution of Koshihikari segments. For hemicellulose, QTL on chromosome 3 showed that hemicellulose density decreased by the substitution of Koshihikari segment. However, hemicellulose densities on chromosomes 5, 8 and 11 showed the opposite effects. The QTLs for hemicellulose, cellulose, and hollocelulose densities identified on chromosome 5 overlapped with that for bending stress, indicating the positive effect of Koshihikari segment on increasing bending stress. These results suggest that some QTLs for the densities of cell wall materials contribute to increasing bending stress and Young's modulus, and could be utilized to improve the lodging resistance for both types of breaking and bending in rice varieties.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

Glucosinolates are one of the important plant secondary metabolites that are produced mainly in Brassicaceae plants. The compounds are primarily involved in defense responses to biotic and abiotic resistance in plants and play important biological roles during plant growth and development. In this study, the glucosinolate profiles in leaves of two different Brassica oleracea populations were compared using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The nine major glucosinolates compounds in cabbage leaves were identified as belonging to the aliphatic and indolic groups. Among them, sinigrin, which belongs to the aliphatic group, was recorded to be 41% whereas glucobrassicin and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, which belong to the indolic group, were recorded to be 53.8%. In addition, we performed a genetic analysis to identify regions of the genome regulating glucosinolates biosynthesis in the $F_3$ population of Brassica oleracea. A total of 9 glucosinolates were used for the quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Out of 9, a total of 3 QTLs were identified and they were associated with sinigrin, glucobrassicin, and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin synthesis located in Chromosome 1 and Chromosome 8, respectively. The results of this study will provide valuable information for the breeding of cabbage containing high glucosinolate content, and our next target is to develop component-specific and tightly linked markers for various glucosinolates.

• Architectural research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2017

In banquets of royal courts held in the late Joseon Dynasty, a procedure that follows the customs as well as physical components to follow that procedure were necessary. A noticeable trait of the red blinds(朱簾) is that they are seen in the naeyon(內宴) types of banquets, which is mostly centered on the queen dowager and relatives, and they function as a makeshift facility that divide the different banquet spaces according to the hierarchy of the royal family. Furthermore, the red blinds within the court played an important role in the procedure of the banquet along with the incense, as it was drawn upon the queen dowager's appearance to signal the beginning, and folded out again to signal the end. This indicates that they were of higher importance within the banquet space. The red blinds used in the playacting stage of the royal court not only segmented the space, but also upon being taken down, expanded and integrated the banquet hall, thereby maximizing the playacting stage. Once the banquet was finished, the red blinds within the court were once again folded out so as to restore dignity to the space. The red blind is a symbolic item that could open the private space of the court so as to enable communication with the public space, and also close it off to restore privacy. Also, the layout of the banquet space was divided by the red blinds into primary, secondary, and tertiary hierarchal space, according to the status of the royal family and the banquet attendants. In other words, the red blinds played an important role in its the symbolic meaning in the national precedent as well as distinguishing the hierarchy of space within the naeyon banquet in the royal court.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.79-79
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• 2017

Grain Sorghum varieties grown in Korea have low productivity and are constrained by the fact that farmers' choice of improved varieties is limited. Hybrid cultivars have been demonstrated to be more productive and food security than pure line varieties. However, There's no available hybrid cultivars and never planted before in Korea. This study was, therefore, conducted to determine combining ability of Korean landrace varieties and cultivar, the level of heterosis of experimental hybrids depending on environments. Two cytoplasmic male-sterile lines were crossed with six male-fertile lines in accordance with North Carolina II mating scheme to generate 12 experimental hybrids. The hybrids were evaluated in replicated row-column alpha designs at two sites in Texas and South Korea under on-season production conditions. For each trait, general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were estimated using the line-tester method of analysis. Results indicated significant differences among genotypes for both grain yield potential and secondary traits. Hybrids were predominant for grain yield, and displayed up to 127% heterosis of A03017 ${\times}$ Sodamchal in Korea. Positive GCA for yield was observed for Donganme, Hwanggeumchal and Jungmo4002 in Korea. Among them Jungmo4002 and Donganme had highly positive for yield (227.90 and 84.90 kg ha-1), while it showed negative GCA for yield in College station (-40.90, -189.60 kg ha-1). ATx630 ${\times}$ Sodamchal had the greatest SCA for yield (468.10 kg/ha) in College station but at South Korea its SCA effect was -302.40 kg/ha. A similar trend was observed, followed by A03017 ${\times}$ Donganme (SCA effect = 215 kg ha-1 at College station vs. -44.20 kg ha-1 at South Korea). At South Korea the greatest positive SCA effect for grain was observed in ATx630 ${\times}$ Jungmo4002 as 322.20 kg/ha. Both GCA and SCA effects significantly interacted with site effects demonstrating the need for region adaptation of potential cultivars and test for developing Korea suitable cultivar.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.71-79
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• 2018

Objective : Several earlier studies have reported similar symptoms in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who have been repeatedly exposed to relevant media after disasters and trauma. This study aimed to examine the effects of indirect trauma experience through media rather than direct traumatic events on an individual's social life. Methods : Five hundred and fifty-four individuals participated in our online, self-reported questionnaire survey. All subjects were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire, Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Korean version of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, Patient Health Questionnaire-15, Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. Participants were assessed in regards to their experience of violent media exposure within the past three months. Results : Data from our study indicates that the group exposed to violent media had significantly higher perceived stress, physical symptoms, insomnia, and suicide ideation in comparison to the control group. Among the major symptoms of PTSD, the proportion of intrusion symptoms was relatively high in the media exposed group. Conclusion : This suggests that indirect trauma caused by media exposure could cause post-traumatic stress symptoms. The PTSD caused by indirect trauma may have slight differences from the PTSD caused by direct trauma. Therefore, it is necessary to understand, prevent, and control the adverse effects of media.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.304-309
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the effect of rearing period(45 and 70 days) on the changes of the yield, physical trait and the composition of fatty acids. The average weight of 100 duck meat at 45 days post hatch was 2.2kg. The yield of meats from prime cuts of 2.1kg, which are the most consumed today, was composed to whole legs($14.1\%$), wings($8.7\%$) and breast(12.5\%$). The ratio of whole legs and breast was similar, In the secondary cuts, the meats was consisted in drumstick($12.5\%$), thigh($7.3\%$), breast($11.7\%$), tender lion($0.8\%$), drum matte($4.9\%$) and wing($2.6\%$). Especially, the drumstick was twice higher than the wing. The content of oleic acid was 50.87 to $51.32\%$ and 49.84 to $50.03\%$ in the breasts and leg, respectively. In the breast, meat at 75 days the oleic acid was slightly increased DHA was not detected in the breast meat, However, it was $0.13\%$ in the leg. The $a^{*}$ value in meat color, ranged was 16.67 to 17.92 in the breast and 15.81 to 17.15 in the leg. Statistically, there was no significantly difference between the breast and leg. The cooking loss of the breast and leg was $26.37\%\;and\;30.32\%$, respectively. The shear force value was $2.20\;kg/0.5inch^2$ at 45 and $2.84\;kg/0.5inch^2$ at 75 days post hatchet respectively. Therefore, the raring period was effect on the shear force value, but not on the cooking loss and meat color.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.68-80
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate characteristics and variations of rice panicle traits for breeding temperate japonica varieties adapted to tropical environment. Eleven panicle traits were investigated from nine Korean rice varieties cultivated in Korea and wet season of the Philippines. Tested cultivars were composed of six temperate japonica varieties, three Tongil-type varieties, and one indica variety bred in the Philippines. The number of spikelets on secondary rachis branches (SRBs) was the most variable trait in both environments, while the mean number of spikelets on a primary rachis branch (PRB) was the least variable. Compared with PRB-related traits, SRB traits showed higher correlation with the number of spikelets per panicle. Compared with the plants grown in Korea, the number of spikelets on SRBs, the number of SRBs, spikelets, and rachis branches per panicle were decreased more than other traits in the Philippines. According to path analysis, the number of spikelets on SRBs per panicle affects the number of spikelets per panicle more than the number of spikelets on PRBs per panicle. Climatic factors such as growth duration, cumulative mean temperature, and integrated solar radiation were highly correlated with the relative rate of number of spikelets per panicle. To breed temperate japonica rice varieties adapted to tropical environment, it would be important to select lines which maintain proper growth duration and spikelets on SRBs in target region.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.30 no.1 s.56
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• pp.209-228
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• 1997

In ordo to investigate the professional job perception and job satisfaction of interns and residents and its related factors, the author conducted survey using self administered questionnaire for 2 months(August and September, 1996). The study subjects were 562 interns and residents who worked at one university hospital(tertiary hospital) and two general hospitals(secondary hospital) in Taegu, Korea. Among them, 297 (52.8%) responded completely. The results were as follows ; Respondents thought that people component was most important, science and status components were next among professional value scales which meant the desirable attitudes required to conduct professional works. But, the score of professional value scales was generally high and not affected by other variables in multiple linear regression analysis. They seemed to have very normative and ideal perceptions about professional values. The score of professionalism scales, which were attitudinal and behavioral traits about professional job, of high grade residents was significantly higher than that of interns and lower grade residents. The score of reference to professional organization and autonomy factor were increasing significantly as the grade increased. Working conditions and perception for socioeconomic status of doctors influenced the score of professionalism scale significantly. It seemed that professional socialization was made during the training periods of interns and residents. Most of respondents answered that current socioeconomic status of doctors were middle and high strata but they responded that the socioeconomic status of doctors would fall in the future. They seemed to have a pessimistic thought about doctor's status. Generally the respondents thought that they were satisfied with doctor job and fit to the job, but 51.9% answered that if possible they would get other jobs. It seemed to reflect their critical thinking on doctors' status. Perceptions about socioeconomic status of doctors, professional value and professionalism influenced job satisfaction significantly. The interns and residents had high sense of calling to doctors and thought that doctors were socially important job. Generally they were satisfied with their job. Interns and residents had normative thoughts about the trait which compentent doctors must have. During the training period, they seemed to have attitude and perception as a professional and to make professional socializations.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.365-374
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• 2021

Soybean isoflavones are essential secondary metabolites synthesized through the phenylpropanoid pathway, and they play vital roles in human health. Isoflavone content is a complex quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes, and the genetic mechanisms underlying isoflavone biosynthesis remain largely unknown. Therefore, the present study analyzed the content of isoflavone and expression of six key genes involved in its biosynthesis (i.e., CHS6, HID, IF7GT, IF7MaT, GmIMaT1, and GmIMaT3) during soybean seed germination. Isoflavone content was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography, and isoflavone biosynthetic gene expression was analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. Two cultivars, namely 'Daepung2ho' and 'Pungsannamulkong', which are high- and low-isoflavone cultivars, respectively, were used. Isoflavone accumulation gradually increased with the progression of the germination period. As such, malonyl glucosides accounted for over 80% of the total content, whereas acetyl glucosides were present at trace amounts. Transcriptional analysis of isoflavone biosynthetic genes demonstrated expression patterns parallel to isoflavone content; however, there was no clear correlation between isoflavone content and gene expression. Moreover, most isoflavone biosynthetic genes showed different expression patterns depending on the individual gene or genotypes. Among the tested genes, HID showed consistently higher expression, except at 3 days after germination, and its expression was upregulated in 'Daepung2ho' but downregulated in 'Pungsannamulkong'. In addition, all tested genes exhibited different expression patterns between cotyledons and hypocotyls and responded differently to the germination period. These findings suggest that the expression levels of isoflavone biosynthetic genes are not consistent with the germination period and appear to be genotype-dependent.