• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2005

We studied age and growth of the sea urchin, Pseudocentrotus depressus, to obtain some informations regarding its sustainable production and appropriate resources reinforcement. The samples were collected at two locations (Ongpo and Bubhwan) in Jeju, Korea. Annual rings were formed from October to January, and this period was well matched with the time just prior to or during their reproduction. Two population regression lines generated by using Walford's plotting with mean radius of each age group showed significant differences in their growth rate between the two sampling locations (p<0.0l). When the regression equations were calculated using either madreporite's radius (R) and test diameter (L) or body weight (W) and test diameter (L), the results were L=23.830+ 11.735R and $W=0.0004L^3$, and no statistically significant differences were detected between the two populations (p>0.2). Based on the data of madreporite's radius and test diameters, two estimated growth equations were $L_t(mm)=72.988(1-e^{-0.412(t-0.596)}\;and\;L_t(mm)=70.195(1-e{-0.365(t-0.51l)}$ in Ongpo and Bubhwan population, respectively. Three distinct annulus groups were recognizable within the distribution of the radii of the annual rings measured from age I to age 5. The mean radii calculated from the same annulus group were all identical even though they were from different age groups.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.331-338
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• 1996

The main aim of this study was to develop carrot soups with fishery products, which is improved from traditional gruel of Cheju island. For this the optimal procedure and ingredient mixing ratio for making basic carrot soup was determined through the instrumental measurement, the sensory evaluation and the nutrient analysis, and then the carrot-fishery soups were prepared by mixing the fishery products from Cheju island. The results were as follows: The optimal procedure for making basic carrot soup was to saute the sliced carrots and soaked rices with the sesame oil for 5 min, add the water, bring to a boil for 6 min, simmer for 15 min, then puree the soup. The optimal ingredient mixing ratio in the basic carrot soup was carrot 300 g: rice 45 g: water 900 $m\ell$: sesame oil 15 $m\ell$: salt 5 g. For preparing carrot-fishery soups were the optimal fishery products mixing ratio i) 30% tile fish or crab, ii) prawn, abalone, top shell, or ear shell 20%, iii) sea urchin 15%, iv) fusiform or gulf weed 5％. The order of sensory evaluation scores, on a 5-point scale, were sea urchin, crab > top shell, tile fish > abalone, ear shell > prawn > coral fish > fusiform, gulf weed. Nutrient composition analysis showed that vitamin A was 5 times higher in carrot soup than in pumpkin soup. Sensory evaluation scores show that carrot soup was prepared to pumpkin soup. A portion (200 g) of the soup would provide 144% of the recommended daily allowance of vitamin A. The results of this work indicate that an acceptable carrot-fishery soups of better nutritional and sensory values than pumpkin soup can be prepared.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.140-149
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• 2010

We determined the seasonal gonad maturation in Strongylocentrotus nudus sea urchins inhabiting an artificially enhanced seaweed forest along the Samchuk Coast of Korea from April 2006 to March 2007. A total of 30 sea urchins per month were collected from the study area, and gonadosomatic index (GSI), gonad index (GI), egg diameter, and RNA/DNA variation were measured for each specimen. GSI values of female and male urchins achieved maximums of 17.6 and 17.0, respectively, in June. Based on histological studies, maximum GI values occurred in July (4.6 for females and 4.8 for males). A mean ovarian egg diameter of $73.7\;\pm\;14.2\;{\mu}m$ was measured in August; during the main spawning period in September, mean egg diameter reached a maximum of $74.2\;\pm\;17.8\;{\mu}m$. The RNA/DNA ratio and RNA content for both males and females showed a distinct peak during the ripe stage in July, but another peak occurred in the spring season from March to April, when urchins deposit protein into the nutritive phagocytes of immature gonads prior to gametogenesis. The reproductive cycle of S. nudus is divided into five stages: early active (December-May), late active (March-July), ripe (July-September), spent and degenerative (August-November), and inactive (October-February). Our continuous removal of sea urchins from the study area did not influence the reproductive cycle, as populations quickly recovered, and achieved normal gonad development cycle in the site.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.149-155
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• 1998

폴리시알린산 (polysialic acid)은 미생물로부터 인간에 이르기까지 다양한 세포의 세포 표면 복합당사슬에 공유 결합하는 당사슬의 일종이다. 최근 성게 난자의 젤리층과 성게 난자의 표면에서 폴리시알린산이 연결된 당단백질이 발견됨으로써 폴리시알린산의 생합성과 그 기능에 대한 의문이 제기되었다. 둥근성게의 난자와 배에서 추출한 효소액과 CMP-[$^{14}$ C]Neu5Ac를 기질로 사용하여 Neu5Ac를 endogenous acceptor에 전달하는 CMP-Neu5Ac:poly-$\alpha$2, 8 sialosyl sialyltransferase (polyST)를 발견하였다. polyST는 20mM MOPS (pH 7.0), 2$0^{\circ}C$에서 최적 활성을 나타냈다. 10 mM $Mg^2$$^{+}$를 효소 반응액에 첨가하면 polyST의 황성은 2.7배 증가하였다. poiyST는 또한 포유류의 gang1ioside인 GD3에 폴리시알린산을 합성할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 폴리시알린산이 존재하는 ganglioside가 현재까지 자연계에서 알려진 바가 없다는 사실은 하나의 polyST가 endogenous acceptor와 ganglioside에 폴리시알린산을 합성했다고 결론지을 수 있다. 과량의 GD3를 exogenous acceptor로 사용하여 둥근성게에 존재하는 polyST의 활성을 조사한 결과 mesenchyme 포배기 때부터 그 활성이 급격히 증가하고 낭배기 때에 최고에 도달했다. 성게의 배발생 때에 polyST의 활성이 조절된다는 것은 낭배기 때에 일어나는 세포나 조직 사이에 일어나는 변화와 초기 단계 spicule 형성에 어떤 중요한 기능을 담당하고 있을 가능성이 있다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.460-467
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• 2015

연구에서는 단백질과 지방질 및 카로테노이드가 풍부한 것으로 알려진 성게 알을 생것과 그 시판 형태인 염장처리 된 것으로 구분하여 이화학 특성 및 산화방지 활성을 비교 평가함으로써, 가공에 의한 성게 알의 변화를 탐색하고자 하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 염장처리 성게 알은 보라성게 알과 분홍성게 알 2종으로 생것을 정제염으로 처리한 후 탈수시키고, 뒤이어 살균과 응고 목적으로 에탄올을 처리하는 공정으로 제조되었다. 염장처리 된 성게 알은 생것에 비해 수분(p<0.001)은 유의적으로 낮고, 조회분(p<0.001), 염도(p<0.05) 및 소듐(p<0.001) 함량은 유의적으로 높았다. 특히 소듐 함량이 생것에 비해 8배 가량 증가되어 소듐:포타슘 비율이 0.5-0.7에서 4.9-5.2로 7-10배 가량 증가되어 염장처리가 무기질 조성 측면에서는 부정적 영향을 미쳤다. 한편, 염장처리 된 성게 알은 에테르에 용해될 수 있는 소수성 물질들로 측정된 조지방 함량(p<0.05)이 생것보다 유의적으로 낮았으며 상대적으로 수용성 고형물 함량은 높은 경향을 나타내어, 염장 중 발효에 의해 일부 저분자 물질이 생성되었을 가능성이 시사 되었다. 또한, 생것에 비해 황색도와 적색도가 뚜렷이 감소하여 카로테노이드 색소의 감소를 시사해주었으며, 이에 따라 시간 경과에 따른 DPPH 라디칼 소거능 역시 염장처리 된 것이 더 낮았다. 생것과 비교할 때, 염장처리 된 것은 적정으로 측정된 총산함량의 뚜렷한 차이 없이 금속 소거능이 유의적으로 낮았으며(p<0.05), 이는 오쏘 페놀성 물질의 감소에 의한 것으로 일부 해석되었다. 또한, 전이금속의 전자이동 능력에 의해 $O{_2}^{{\cdot}-}$을 활성이 덜한 산소종으로 전환시키는 SOD 효소의 특성을 고려하면, 이 현상은 염장처리 된 성게 알에서 관찰된 상대적으로 높은 SOD 유사활성과도 연관될 수 있다. 염장처리 된 성게 알은 생것에 비해 유의적으로 높은 경도를 나타내었으며(p<0.05), 페놀성 및 비페놀성 환원물질에 의한 총 환원력 역시 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.01). 이는 염장처리 성게 알을 제조하는 공정 중 처리된 에탄올의 영향으로 보인다. 즉 에탄올에 의한 단백질 응고 작용으로 성게 알의 경도가 증가하였으며, 고분자에 결합되어 복합체 형태로 존재하는 색소와 폴리페놀 등이 에탄올 처리에 의해 고분자 물질로부터 유리됨으로써 성게 알의 총 환원력 증가에 기여한 것으로 해석되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.637-644
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• 1998

우리나라 근해에 많이 분포하고 있는 말똥성게 (sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus)의 내장으로부터 Triton X-100을 이용하여 $\beta$-galactosidase를 추출하고, $40\~80\%$ (w/v) $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, DEAE-Sephadex A-25 및 CM-Cellulose 이온교환 크로마토그래피, Con A-Sepha-rose 4B 친화성 크로마토그래피를 사용하여 분리, 정제하여 그 생화학적 특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 정제된 $\beta$-galactosidase는 단일의 단백질로 이루어진 효소로 판명되었고, 효소의 정제도는 조효소에 비해 384.6배 증가하였고, 수율은 $1.26\%$이었다. 정제효소의 최적 pH와 온도는 각각 3.0 및 $50^{\circ}C$ 이었다. 효소의 활성은 $Ba^{2+}$와 같은 금속이온에 의해 촉진되었고, $Hg^{2+},\;Sn^{2+}$ 및 DFP에 의해 현저하게 저하되었으며, 당인 galactose 와 lactose에 의해 저하되어 기질 저해 효과가 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 효소의 분자량은 SDS-PAG 전기이동과 Sephadex G-150 겔여과를 실시한 결과 97 kDa로 나타났다. 합성기질인 PNPG를 사용하여 효소의 속도론적 상수를 측정한 결과 $K_m$은 15.0mM, $V_{max}$는 $\mu$mole/min$\cdot$mg$\cdot$protein으로 나타났다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2009

Toxicity of ocean dumping wastes(dye waste, urban sewage, food waste) were examined by observing fertilization and embryo development rates of the Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrotus nudus. Spawning was induced by injecting 1 mL of 0.5 M KCl into coelomic cavity. Males released white or cream-colored sperms and females released yellow or orange-colored eggs. Experiments were began within 30 min after the collection of both gametes. The fertilization and embryo development rates tests were performed for 10 min and 48 h after fertilization, respectively. The fertilization and embryo development rates in the control condition(not including ocean dumping wastes sludge elutriate) were greater than 90%, but markedly decreased with increasing concentrations of ocean dumping waste sludge elutriate. The fertilization and normal embryogenesis rates were significantly inhibited in all waste sludge elutriate from dye waste($EC_{50}$=5.76; $EC_{50}$=4.53), urban sewage($EC_{50}$=9.82; $EC_{50}$=9.67) and food waste($EC_{50}$=3.90; $EC_{50}$=3.27), respectively. The NOEC(>3.13%) and LOEC(3.13%) of fertiliztion and normal embryogenesis rates very similar in all waste sludge elutriate. These results suggest biological assay using the fertilization and embryo development rates of S. nudus are very useful test method for the ecological toxicity assessment of ocean dumping wastes.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.775-781
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• 2008

Effects of salinity and standard toxic metals on fertilization and embryo development rates were investigated in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus nudus. Spawning was induced by injecting 1ml of 0.5 M KCl into the coelomic cavity. The fertilization and embryo development rates were below 20% when salinity was 25 psu or lower, but were above 90% when salinity was between 30 and 35 psu. The fertilization and embryo development rates in the control condition (not including Cu and Cd) were greater than 90%, but decreased with a high negative correlation (r) of 0.89 and 0.91 with the increasing of Cu and Cd concentrations, respectively. These results suggest that salinity concentrations for successful fertilization and normal embryogenesis of S. nudus are between 30 and 35 psu, and the biological assays of fertilization and embryo development rates using S. nudus are useful methods for the ecological toxicity test of marine pollution elements.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2009

Effects of salinity and standard toxic metals on fertilization and embryo development rates were investigated in the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Spawning was induced by injecting $1{\sim}2$ mL of 0.5 M KCl into the coelomic cavity. Males released white or cream-colored sperms and females released yellow or orange-colored eggs. The fertilization rate was below 30% when salinity was 20 psu and lower, but was almost above 90% when salinity was 25 psu and higher. The embryo development rate was below 60% when salinity was 25 psu and lower, but was above 80% when salinity was between 30 and 35 psu. The fertilization and embryo development rates in the control condition(not including Cu and Cd) were greater than 90%, but decreased a high negative correlation with the increasing of Cu(r=-0.80, r=-0.78) and Cd(r=-0.90, r=-0.82) concentrations, respectively. The fertilization and embryo development rates were significantly inhibited in the addition of Cu($EC_{50}$=17.30 ppb, $EC_{50}$=10.32 ppb) and Cd($EC_{50}$=364.57 ppb, $EC_{50}$=244.04 ppb), respectively. These results suggest that salinity concentrations for successful fertilization and normal embryogenesis of H. pulcherrimus are above 25 psu and 30 psu, respectively, and the biological assays of fertilization and embryo development rates using H. pulcherrimus are useful methods for the ecological toxicity test of marine pollution elements.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2007

Even though some standard developmental bioassay protocols for environmental assessment using sea urchins have already been described, there have not been many attempts to apply and modify these protocols with Korean species. Therefore, there is a strong need to establish standard bioassay protocols using sea urchins commonly found in Korea. Prior to developing a new protocol, it is essential to know the optimal conditions for the bioassay procedures. We investigated the optimal conditions (temperature, salinity, and embryo density) of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. The ideal temperature for developmental bioassay of S. intermedius was determined to be $15^{\circ}C$ and the time required for the embryo to become pluteus larva was 72 hr. The optimal range of salinity for the embryo toxicity using S. intermedius was between 30 to 32 psu, which is similar to the range found in the natural habitats of adult populations. The optimum density of embryos at the beginning of bioassays was 100 embryos/mL. When the assays were carried out at higher densities, the proportion of normally developed larvae decreased significantly.