• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.179-183
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• 2003

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 2017

This study was carried out to figure out on the changes of longitudinal salt movement in the soil through the soil according to the materials and thickness of salt prevent materials and the place of salt prevent at reclaimed land from the sea which is one of the most serious problems when tree planting. Changes of soil salinity were different depending on the seasons. In particular, the soil salinity was lower during the rainy season. But during the dry seasons including early summer before the rainy season and winter season, salinity was relatively higher. Among the seven interruption materials, crushed stone, dredged sand and wood chips showed better interruption effects than the other materials. The interruption effect of salt movement was highest in the both of side and bottom interruption treatment of salt movement than the side interruption treatment of salt movement or the bottom interruption treatment of salt movement. The thickness of the layer should be at least 20cm to prevent salinity effectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.24-29
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• 2003

Deep sea water has cold temperature, abundant nutrients and minerals, and good water quality that is pathogen-free and stable. Compared with surface water, deep sea water contains more nutrition salt, such as nitrogen and phosphor. Moreover, if has the good balance of minerals. Because of the ability of the spray drying process to produce a free-flowing power considering of spherical particles with a well-defined size distribution and the rapid drying times for heat-sensitive material, spray drying is attractive for a wide range of applications spray drying is a unique unit operation in which powders are produced from a liquid feed in a single processing step. Key component of the process are atomizer, spray chamber. Design of spray chamber should be based on the atomizer type, the production rate, and the particle size required. Because of the complex processes taking place during spray drying, traditional design method are based on pilot-plant tests and empirical scale-up rules. Modern technique such as CFD have a role to play in design and troubleshooting.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1958

The author investigated the plant sociological studies on the flora of Inchon districts coast area. (It contains also province of Buchun, Kumpo, and Hwasung, the island of Kanghwa.) The scenery of the west coast in Korea is very curious, because the soil in this area contains comapratively large amount of mud and small sand. Some parts of this area is covered with only mud, and the area between the line of high tije and line of low tide is very vast. When a low tide was appearel, there were vast moddel places appeared about 10 km in length. The author could distinguish $\varepsilon$ different types of communties in this zone. (1) Suaeda jatonica community (2) Statice japonica community (3) Scirtus triqueier community (4) Zoy_ia community (5) Phragmites community (6) Carex Pumilla community (7) Atriolex subsodata community (8) Rosa rugasa community (1), (2), (3), (4) communities can grow under the high tide. (When the high tide comes they soaked in the sea water.) (1) Suaeda community is the most popular type of the Yellow sea. It is very wonderful scene that the vast area (the length of 10 km) is covered with this Suaeda, and it looks like to be painted with blood. (2) Staice (3) Scirpus (4) Zoysia community is can fully maintain their glorious life in the sea water. It is due to the this plants tolerance of salt. (1), (2), (3), (4) communities are very strong to the tolerance of salt, especially the Suaeda is remarkable. The structure and some sucession I trend of each community were studied in detail and the mutual relations among the communites were also concluded.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.129-135
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• 2012

This study was to investigate the heavy metal content of 55 commercial salts in the Seoul area. There were 22 types of solar sea salt, 17 types of processed salt and 16 types of reworked salt. Looked at another way, there were 22 types of domestic salt and 33 types of salt imported from France, the U.S., Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina. The samples were measured using both a mercury analyzer and an Inductively-Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The average heavy metal contents for commercial salts were Pb $0.281{\pm}0.344$, Cd $0.035{\pm}0.221$, Cr $0.364{\pm}0.635$, Cu $0.182{\pm}0.313$, As $0.046{\pm}0.062$, Ni $0.155{\pm}0.247$, Al $5.753{\pm}10.746$, Co $0.028{\pm}0.211$ and Hg $0.001{\pm}0.001$ mg/kg. The leads were detected highly in solar sea salt rather than in processed salt or reworked salt. Also chrome, arsenic and nickel were found more in processed salt. There were large differences in aluminum content between imported solar sea salt and processed salt. Aluminum was highly detected in French products, showing that salt can be affected by regional differences. The weekly average intakes of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Hg from commercial salt were 1.652% (0.000~6.754), 0.372% (0.000~7.214), 3.177% (0.000~26.279), 0.008% (0.001~0.049), and 0.031% (0.000~0.094) respectively compared with Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee for the evaluation of food safety. The content of heavy metals from commercial salts was determined to be at safe levels.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.99-105
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• 2001

An on-line refractrometer made of easily obtainable materials is built to determine the salinity and temperature of sea water, and its performance is examined by applying the refractometer to known salt solution. Since refractive index and temperature are measured simultaneously, it is possible to compensate the effect of temperature for accurate measurement. The outcome of salinity measurement for the different concentrations of salt solution indicates that the device is suitable for the salinity measurement by yielding stable and reproducible reading.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.273-280
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• 2013

Bamboo salt, a Korean folk medicine, is prepared with solar salt (sea salt) and baked several times at high temperatures in a bamboo case. In this study, we compared the preventive effects of bamboo salt and purified and solar salts on hepatic damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in Sprague-Dawley rats. Compared with purified and solar salts, bamboo salts prevented hepatic damage in rats, as evidenced by significantly reduced serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.05). Bamboo salt (baked $9{\times}$) triggered the greatest reduction in these enzyme levels. In addition, it also reduced the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$. Histopathological sections of liver tissue demonstrated the protective effect of bamboo salt, whereas sections from animals treated with the other salt groups showed a greater degree of necrosis. We also performed reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses of the inflammation-related genes iNOS, COX-2, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$ in rat liver tissues. Bamboo salt induced a significant decrease (~80%) in mRNA and protein expression levels of COX-2, iNOS, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$, compared with the other salts. Thus, we found that baked bamboo salt preparations could prevent $CCl_4$-induced hepatic damage in vivo.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.767-774
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• 2015

In recent decades, health concerns related to sodium intake have caused an increased demand for salt or sodium-reduced foods. Umami substance can enhance taste sensitivity to NaCl and may offer a unique approach to replace and reduce the sodium content in foods. In this study, hot water extraction conditions of Wando sea tangle with high umami taste were investigated. Wando sea tangle harvested in June was selected for hot water extraction based on its free amino acids composition. The quality properties of sea tangle extract were investigated at various extraction temperatures ($60^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, and $100^{\circ}C$) and times (1 h, 2 h, and 3 h). Sea tangle extracts at the extraction temperature of $100^{\circ}C$ contained the highest soluble solids (35.47%~36.93%), and crude protein (3.75%~4.00%). Viscosities of sea tangle extracts decreased with increasing extraction temperature. Umami amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid) and sensory characteristics were best at extraction conditions of $100^{\circ}C$ for 2 h. Saltiness enhancement of sea tangle extract powder was determined. Saltiness intensities of NaCl solution after adding 1% sea tangle extract powder were enhanced (1.84~4.25-fold). At the same saltiness intensity, sodium contents of NaCl solution with 1% sea tangle extract powder were 12.24~24.33% lower than that of NaCl solution. These results suggest that it is possible to reduce sodium in foods with sea tangle extract as a natural salt enhancer without lowering overall taste intensity.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2012

This paper is focused on the comprehensive and detailed interpretation for the chemical transformation of individual Asian dust (hereafter called "AD") particles during long-range transport from source regions to receptor area. A multi-stage particle sampler was operated at a ground-based site in Taean, Korea directly exposed to the outflow of air masses from China during AD period in April 2003. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses for size-classified individual particles were carried out by a microbeam X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method and a microbeam Particle Induced X-ray Emission (micro-PIXE), respectively. Among major characteristic elements, the elemental masses of soil derived components, sulfur, and chloride varied as a function of particle size showing the monomodal maximum with a steeply increasing at 3.3-4.7 ${\mu}m$ particle size. Although the details on chemical composition of AD particle collected on a straight line from source area to our ground-based site are needed, a large amount of Cl coexisted in and/or on AD particles suggests that AD particles collected in the present study might be actively engaged in chemical transformation by sea-salt and other Cl containing pollutants emitted from the China's domestic sources. Through the statistical analyses it was possible to classify individual AD particles into six distinct groups. The internally mixed AD particles with Cl, which has various sources (e.g., sea-salt, coal combustion origin HCl, gaseous HCl derived from the adsorption of acids to sea-salt, and Cl containing man-made particles) were thoroughly fractionated by the elemental spectra drivened by the double detector system of micro-PIXE.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.60-64
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to manufacture the sea water cooling apparatus for fish hold storage to extend the freshness of fish. Using the sea water cooling apparatus manufactured, it makes observations on the physicochemical and sensual properties of mackerel such as ATP and its related compounds, K-value, VBN, TMA, TBA, salt-concentration and skin color through storage. The results of this investigation showed that the values of physicochemical properties such as ATP and its related compounds, K-value, VBN, TMA, TBA increased gradually during storage in sea water cooling apparatus manufactured and the changes of skin color was inhibited also. From these results, it could be suggested that developed sea water cooling apparatus is effective in shelf-life extension of fishes.