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A Study on the Characteristics of Simulated Real Driving Emissions by Using Random Driving Cycle (임의주행 사이클을 이용한 실제도로 주행 배출가스 특성 모사에 관한 연구)

  • Kwon, Seokjoo;Kwon, Sangil;Kim, Hyung-Jun;Seo, Youngho;Park, Sungwook;Chon, Mun Soo
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.454-462
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    • 2016
  • This study was conducted in order to estimate the exhaust emissions analysis method of the real driving emission(RDE). The Association for Emissions Control by Catalyst(AECC) has developed a test procedure by using a random cycle method based on the chassis dynamometer. In order to confirm this approach in Korea, Euro 5(DPF), Euro 6(DPF + LNT), and Euro 6(DPF + SCR) were performed on three different vehicles to determine the exhaust gas characteristics of the random cycle, real-road driving test(PEMS), and emission certification driving mode(NEDC). Six different random cycle driving modes were generated by the vehicle specifications(e.g. curb weight, engine power, gear ratio, and maximum acceleration). The NOx emissions were increased in the NEDC, random cycle, and PEMS order in this study regardless of the test vehicles. The random cycle method has the advantage because it utilizes a chassis dynamometer in the laboratories for a repeatable data collection, and it allows any eminent emission improvement checked prior to a real-road driving test with PEMS.

Simultaneous Removal of NO and SO2 using Microbubble and Reducing Agent (마이크로버블과 환원제를 이용한 습식 NO 및 SO2의 동시제거)

  • Song, Dong Hun;Kang, Jo Hong;Park, Hyun Sic;Song, Hojun;Chung, Yongchul G.
    • Clean Technology
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    • v.27 no.4
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    • pp.341-349
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    • 2021
  • In combustion facilities, the nitrogen and sulfur in fossil fuels react with oxygen to generate air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOX) and sulfur oxides (SOX), which are harmful to the human body and cause environmental pollution. There are regulations worldwide to reduce NOX and SOX, and various technologies are being applied to meet these regulations. There are commercialized methods to reduce NOX and SOX emissions such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR), selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) and wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD), but due to the disadvantages of these methods, many studies have been conducted to simultaneously remove NOX and SOX. However, even in the NOX and SOX simultaneous removal methods, there are problems with wastewater generation due to oxidants and absorbents, costs incurred due to the use of catalysts and electrolysis to activate specific oxidants, and the harmfulness of gas oxidants themselves. Therefore, in this research, microbubbles generated in a high-pressure disperser and reducing agents were used to reduce costs and facilitate wastewater treatment in order to compensate for the shortcomings of the NOX, SOX simultaneous treatment method. It was confirmed through image processing and ESR (electron spin resonance) analysis that the disperser generates real microbubbles. NOX and SOX removal tests according to temperature were also conducted using only microbubbles. In addition, the removal efficiencies of NOX and SOX are about 75% and 99% using a reducing agent and microbubbles to reduce wastewater. When a small amount of oxidizing agent was added to this microbubble system, both NOX and SOX removal rates achieved 99% or more. Based on these findings, it is expected that this suggested method will contribute to solving the cost and environmental problems associated with the wet oxidation removal method.

Differences of Driving Performance and Physiological Responses Between Young Male and Female Drivers for Unexpected Situation Using a Ggraphic Vehicle Ssimulator (화상 자동차 시뮬레이터를 이용한 돌발 상황 발생 시 젊은 남녀 운전자의 운전 수행 능력과 생리 반응의 차이에 관한 연구)

  • Min, Byung-Chan;Kang, Jin-Kyu;Min, Soo-Young;Lee, Su-Jeong;Kim, Hyo-Seong;Yang, Jae-Woong;Choi, Mi-Hyun;Chung, Soon-Cheol;Lim, Dae-Woon;Lee, Jeong-Whan
    • Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.108-113
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of driving performance and physiological responses between young male and female drivers for unexpected situation using a graphic vehicle simulator. The participants included 20 college graduates; 23 males aged $24.3\;{\pm}\;1.4$ with $2.3\;{\pm}\;1.5$ years of driving experiences and 23 females aged $23.2\;{\pm}\;2.1$ with $2.2\;{\pm}\;1.7$ years of driving experience. The participants were instructed to drive the vehicle simulator which was programed unexpected situation for two minutes. The physiological measurements used were autonomic responses of electrocardiogram (ECG) and skin conductance response (SCR), and the driving performance measurements used were the reaction time of break and the rate of collision for unexpected situation. Results showed that there were no significant differences between male and female drivers in the reaction time of break and the rate of collision for unexpected situation. Averaged R-R interval decreased and LF IHF and SCL amplitude increased for unexpected situation. There were no significant differences between male and female in the averaged R-R interval and LF/HF for unexpected situation. On the other hand, SCL amplitude of female was higher than male. Rising time to maximum SCL amplitude of female was longer than male.

Prediction of Growth of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in Lettuce Treated with Alkaline Electrolyzed Water at Different Temperatures

  • Ding, Tian;Jin, Yong-Guo;Rahman, S.M.E.;Kim, Jai-Moung;Choi, Kang-Hyun;Choi, Gye-Sun;Oh, Deog-Hwan
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.232-237
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    • 2009
  • This study was conducted to develop a model for describing the effect of storage temperature (4, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$) on the growth of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in ready-to-eat (RTE) lettuce treated with or without (control) alkaline electrolyzed water (AIEW). The growth curves were well fitted with the Gompertz equation, which was used to determine the specific growth rate (SGR) and lag time (LT) of E. coli O157 : H7 ($R^2$ = 0.994). Results showed that the obtained SGR and LT were dependent on the storage temperature. The growth rate increased with increasing temperature from 4 to $35^{\circ}C$. The square root models were used to evaluate the effect of storage temperature on the growth of E. coli O157 : H7 in lettuce samples treated without or with AIEW. The coefficient of determination ($R^2$), adjusted determination coefficient ($R^2_{Adj}$), and mean square error (MSE) were employed to validate the established models. It showed that $R^2$ and $R^_{Adj}$ were close to 1 (> 0.93), and MSE calculated from models of untreated and treated lettuce were 0.031 and 0.025, respectively. The results demonstrated that the overall predictions of the growth of E. coli O157: H7 agreed with the observed data.

A Study on NOx Reduction Characteristics of LNT Catalyst with Fuel Injection Control in Light-duty Diesel Engine (승용디젤엔진의 연료분사 제어를 통한 LNT 촉매의 NOx 저감 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Hwang, Seung-Kwon;Ko, A-Hyun;Yoon, Joo-Wung;Myung, Cha-Lee;Park, Sim-Soo;Kim, Eun-Seok
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.150-155
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    • 2012
  • Lean NOx Trap (LNT) catalysts are capable of reducing exhaust NOx emissions from diesel engines. LNT stores NOx in lean condition and exhausts N2 by reducing NOx in rich condition. NOx reduction characteristic of LNT catalysts using throttle position sensor and fuel injection timing control for light-duty diesel engine was investigated. In contrast to SCR system, LNT catalyst uses diesel fuel in resuctant. Also if the concentration of reductant is exceeded, excessive amount of reductant will slip throughout LNT and cause another emission problem. Thus LNT regeneration with precise engine control established that can make higher NOx conversion efficiency and lower fuel penalty, prevent another emission problem. NOx and reductant concentration were measured by the NOx sensor and Mexa7100D equipped inlet and outlet of catalyst. As a result of engine test, regeneration strategy has reached high of 77.8% NOx conversion efficiency according to engine operation condition. Moreover, we have proved that it is possible to use regeneration strategy of LNT within 5% fuel penalty.

Semantische Unbestimmtheit der Skalaradjektiven (척도형용사의 의미적 불확정성에 대한 연구)

  • Chung Dong-Gyu
    • Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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    • v.10
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    • pp.277-296
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    • 2004
  • Ein sprachlicher Ausdruck ist in verschiedenen Situationen in einer Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Lesarten oder $Pr\"{a}zisierungen$ verwendbar, und zwar mil dom Grad an $Pr\"{a}zision$, der den jeweiligen kormmunikativen Erfordernissen angemessen ist. Sokommt Vagheit/$Ambiguit\"{a}t$ in sprachlichen Ausdrucken fast $durchg\"{a}ngig$ vol. In der vorliegenden Albeit wird die $M\"{o}glichkeit$ der semantischen $\"{U}bersetzung$ der Skalaradjektiven($gro{\ss}$, klein, $hei{\ss}$, kalt, schwer, leicht, schnell, langsam usw.) untersucht, die eigentlich die Vagheit als eine der konstitutiven Eigenschaften haben. Den Schwerpunkt $daf\"{u}r$ bildet die semantische Analyse $\"{u}ber$ die Graduierbarkeit und Vergleichbarkeit der Positivformen der Adjektiven, die vol allem M.J.Cresswell 1976 in seiner Albeit formuliert hat. V(pos) is the function $\eta$ in $D_{{\lll}{0,1}>,<{0,1}{\gg}.{\ll}{0,1,1},>,<{0.1}{\ggg}$ such that where ${\xi}{\in}D_{{\ll}{0,1,1},><{0,1}{\gg}$,$\eta({\xi})$ is the following function: For any ${\omega}{\in}D_{<0,1>$and a ${\in}D_1$ and w$\in$W, w${\in}{\eta}({\xi})({\omega})$(a) iff w ${\in}{\omega}$(a) and there is exactly one b such that ${\xi}({\omega})$(a,b); and for that b, b=$\gg$(for some > and u ${\in}{ \scr}{Z}(>))$ and u is toward the top of the scale determined by > when restricted to those v such that for some c, w${\in} {\xi}({\omega})$$(c,{\;} and w${\in}{\omega}(c)$. (Cresswell, 1976: 272) Obwohl sein Verfahren anhnd von dem semantischen Symbol eine methodische und theoretische $Ad\"{a}quatheit$ erf\"{u}llt$, bleibt der Vergleichwert noch unterspezifiziert. Fur die Behandlung dieser semantischen Unterspezifikation ist eine neue Semantik erforderlich, die den Wahrheitwert fur die $Zugeh\"{o}rigkeitsgrade$ der Skalaradjektive $einschlie{\ss}t$.

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Relationship between the Level of Anxiety and ANS Responses in Children Induced by Fearful Stimulus (공포자극에 의해 유발된 자율신경계반응과 불안수준과의 관계 : 초등학생을 대상으로)

  • Jang, Eun-Hye;Lee, Young-Chang;Im, Soo-Bin;Kim, Sook-Hee;Sohn, Jin-Hun
    • Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.463-470
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    • 2007
  • There have been many studies on patients who suffer from anxiety disorders. However, there is been not enough attention on the difference in the level of between the two populations with and without anxiety disorders. This study was performed to investigate the difference in the ANS responses induced by fear in children. Experimental procedures were as follow: All subjects were in upper grade levels in elementary school. ANX(anxiety) scales of PIC(Personality Inventory for Children) were used to measure fear anxiety. Audio-visual clips were used as stimulus to provoke fear emotion. Baseline of physiological signals, ECG, PPG, EDA, and SKT, were measured for 30 seconds before the fear stimulus. Physiological signals were then recorded for 2 minutes while fear is evoked. Psychological and physiological responses were analyzed. All the children reacted to the fear stimulus with high intensity of fear. Physiological responses showed that SKT, SCR, NSCR, HR, RSA, RESP, HF were increased, while R-R was significantly decreased, respectively, during the period of fear induction. Analysis of the level of anxiety and the physiological responses produced by the experience of fear revealed a statistically significant positive correlation in SKT, HR, and RSA. In other words, the higher the level of anxiety, the higher the levels of SKT, HR, and RSA when children experienced fear in conclusion, it is confirmed through this research that physiological responses to fear is associated with the level of anxiety each individual.

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Using Implementation Science to Advance Cancer Prevention in India

  • Krishnan, Suneeta;Sivaram, Sudha;Anderson, Benjamin O.;Basu, Partha;Belinson, Jerome L;Bhatla, Neerja;D' Cruz, Anil;Dhillon, Preet K.;Gupta, Prakash C.;Joshi, Niranjan;Jhulka, PK;Kailash, Uma;Kapambwe, Sharon;Katoch, Vishwa Mohan;Kaur, Prabhdeep;Kaur, Tanvir;Mathur, Prashant;Prakash, Anshu;Sankaranarayanan, R;Selvam, Jerard M;Seth, Tulika;Shah, Keerti V;Shastri, Surendra;Siddiqi, Maqsood;Srivastava, Anurag;Trimble, Edward;Rajaraman, Preetha;Mehrotra, Ravi
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.16 no.9
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    • pp.3639-3644
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    • 2015
  • Oral, cervical and breast cancers, which are either preventable and/or amenable to early detection and treatment, are the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in India. In this paper, we describe implementation science research priorities to catalyze the prevention and control of these cancers in India. Research priorities were organized using a framework based on the implementation science literature and the World Health Organization's definition of health systems. They addressed both community-level as well as health systems-level issues. Community-level or "pull" priorities included the need to identify effective strategies to raise public awareness and understanding of cancer prevention, monitor knowledge levels, and address fear and stigma. Health systems-level or "push" and "infrastructure" priorities included dissemination of evidence-based practices, testing of point-of-care technologies for screening and diagnosis, identification of appropriate service delivery and financing models, and assessment of strategies to enhance the health workforce. Given the extent of available evidence, it is critical that cancer prevention and treatment efforts in India are accelerated. Implementation science research can generate critical insights and evidence to inform this acceleration.

Effect of Vane Angle of Swirl Type Mixer on Flow Mixing and Pressure Drop in Marine Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems (선박용 SCR 시스템에서 스월형 혼합기의 날개 각도가 유동혼합 및 압력강하에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Taewha;Sung, Yonmo;Kim, Taekyoung;Choi, Cheolyong;Kim, Duckjool;Choi, Gyungmin
    • Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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    • v.39 no.4
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    • pp.443-448
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    • 2015
  • A swirl type mixer was developed to improve the flow mixing performance of a marine selective catalytic reduction system. In this study, the swirl type mixer and a multi-staged swirl type mixer, in which the angle of the vanes at each stage is controllable were considered to provide the optimal region of angles for the mixers. The effects of the vane angles in both mixers on the uniformity index and pressure drop were investigated using a computational fluid dynamics simulation. In the swirl type mixer, the optimal conditions for the flow mixing performance were observed at vane angles from 30 to 60 degrees when vane angles could be adjusted between 10 to 80 degrees, however, the pressure drop increased continually with increasing vane angle of the mixer. On the other hand, control of the individual staged angles of the multi-staged mixer showed that it is possible to keep enhancing flow mixing performance while reducing the pressure drop.

Triptolide-induced Transrepression of IL-8 NF-${\kappa}B$ in Lung Epithelial Cells (폐상피세포에서 Triptolide에 의한 NF-${\kappa}B$ 의존성 IL-8 유전자 전사활성 억제기전)

  • Jee, Young-Koo;Kim, Yoon-Seup;Yun, Se-Young;Kim, Yong-Ho;Choi, Eun-Kyoung;Park, Jae-Seuk;Kim, Keu-Youl;Chea, Gi-Nam;Kwak, Sahng-June;Lee, Kye-Young
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.50 no.1
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    • pp.52-66
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    • 2001
  • Background : NF-${\kappa}B$ is the most important transcriptional factor in IL-8 gene expression. Triptolide is a new compound that recently has been shown to inhibit NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. The purpose of this study is to investigate how triptolide inhibits NF-${\kappa}B$-dependent IL-8 gene transcription in lung epithelial cells and to pilot the potential for the clinical application of triptolide in inflammatory lung diseases. Methods : A549 cells were used and triptolide was provided from Pharmagenesis Company (Palo Alto, CA). In order to examine NF-${\kappa}B$-dependent IL-8 transcriptional activity, we established stable A549 IL-8-NF-${\kappa}B$-luc. cells and performed luciferase assays. IL-8 gene expression was measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. A Western blot was done for the study of $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation and an electromobility shift assay was done to analyze NF-${\kappa}B$ DNA binding. p65 specific transactivation was analyzed by a cotransfection study using a Gal4-p65 fusion protein expression system. To investigate the involvement of transcriptional coactivators, we perfomed a transfection study with CBP and SRC-1 expression vectors. Results : We observed that triptolide significantly suppresses NF-${\kappa}B$-dependent IL-8 transcriptional activity induced by IL-$1{\beta}$ and PMA. RT-PCR showed that triptolide represses both IL-$1{\beta}$ and PMA-induced IL-8 mRNA expression and ELISA confirmed this triptolide-mediated IL-8 suppression at the protein level. However, triptolide did not affect $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation and NF-$_{\kappa}B$ DNA binding. In a p65-specific transactivation study, triptolide significantly suppressed Gal4-p65T Al and Gal4-p65T A2 activity suggesting that triptolide inhibits NF-${\kappa}B$ activation by inhibiting p65 transactivation. However, this triptolide-mediated inhibition of p65 transactivation was not rescued by the overexpression of CBP or SRC-1, thereby excluding the role of transcriptional coactivators. Conclusions : Triptolide is a new compound that inhibits NF-${\kappa}B$-dependent IL-8 transcriptional activation by inhibiting p65 transactivation, but not by an $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$-dependent mechanism. This suggests that triptolide may have a therapeutic potential for inflammatory lung diseases.

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