• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.127-145
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• 1998

Unlike water or air quality standards that have been established by legislation using potential human health impact as the primary criterion, soil quality depends on the soils primary function and its relevant environmental factors, which is much more site- and soil specific. A properly characterized soil quality assessment system should serve as an indicator of the soil capacity to produce safe and nutritious food, to enhance human and animal health, and to overcome degrative processes. For our proposed example, a high quality soil with regard to maintaining an adequate soil productivity as a food production resources must accommodate soil and water properties, food chain, sustainability and utilization, environment, and profitability, that (i) facilitate water transfer and absorption, (ii) sustain plant growth, (iii) resist physical degradation of soil, (iv) produce a safe food resources, (v) cost-effective agricultural management. Possible soil quality indicators are identified at several levels within the framework for each of these functions. Each indicator is assigned a priority or weight that reflects its relative importance using a multi-objective approach based on principles of systems to be considered. To do this, individual scoring system is differentiated by the several levels from low to very high category or point scoring ranging from 0 to 10, And then weights are multiplied and products are summed to provide an overall soil quality rating based on several physical and chemical indicators. Tlne framework and procedure in developing the soil quality assessment are determined by using information collected from an alternative and conventional farm practices in the regions. The use of an expanded framework for assessing effects of other processes, management practices, or policy issues on soil quality is also considered. To develop one possible form for a soil quality index, we should permit coupling the soil characteristics with assessment system based on soil properties and incoming and resident chemicals. The purpose of this paper is to discuss approaches to defining and assessing soil quality and to suggest the factors to be considered.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 2014

Analysis of scars in various conditions is essential, but no consensus had been reached on the scar assessment scale to select for a given condition. We reviewed papers to determine the scar assessment scale selected depending on the scar condition and treatment method. We searched PubMed for articles published since 2000 with the contents of the scar evaluation using a scar assessment scale with a Journal Citation Report impact factor >0.5. Among them, 96 articles that conducted a scar evaluation using a scar assessment scale were reviewed and analyzed. The scar assessment scales were identified and organized by various criteria. Among the types of scar assessment scales, the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) was found to be the most frequently used scale. As for the assessment of newly developed operative scars, the POSAS was most used. Meanwhile, for categories depending on the treatment methods for preexisting scars, the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was used in 6 studies following a laser treatment, the POSAS was used in 7 studies following surgical treatment, and the POSAS was used in 7 studies following a conservative treatment. Within the 12 categories of scar status, the VSS showed the highest frequency in 6 categories and the POSAS showed the highest frequency in the other 6 categories. According to our reviews, the POSAS and VSS are the most frequently used scar assessment scales. In the future, an optimal, universal scar scoring system is needed in order to better evaluate and treat pathologic scarring.

• Medical Lasers
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

Background and Objectives A facial laceration is a commonly occurring trauma of children. In addition, appropriate treatment and scar management are very important because the psychosocial impact of facial scars is much greater in children than in adults. Materials and Methods In the authors' hospital, primary closure was conducted targeting a total of 8,924 patients from January 2015 to December 2017. Of these, scar management was conducted on 808 people using a CO₂ fractional laser and Q-Switch Nd:YAG laser. To prove the effectiveness of the laser treatment on the linear scar, the patients were divided retrospectively into children and adults and sub-divided into those who received the treatment and those who did not. The subjective satisfaction of patients was evaluated using the Numeric Rating System (NRS). The objective scar scoring was evaluated using the image panel assessment based on the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS), and the scoring was made by averaging the evaluations of three plastic surgeons. Results Evaluated NRS showed 8.50 ± 1.83 for adults without a laser, 8.51 ± 1.47 for adults with a laser, 7.93 ± 2.10 for children without a laser, and 8.9 ± 1.24 for children with a laser. The image panel assessment revealed 7.06 ± 1.31 for adults without a laser, 6.40 ± 2.37 for adults with a laser, 6.86 ± 1.45 for children without a laser, and 5.93 ± 1.21 for children with a laser. Conclusion When the linear scar is managed using a CO₂ Fractional laser, it can be managed in children better than adults, which is believed to be useful because it leads to better satisfaction and prognosis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.123-142
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• 2010

Objectives : The knee pain is the main reason of getting acupuncture treatment. In order to have confidence in the results of a study, it is necessary to establish that questionnaire is both valid and reliable in questionnaire related study. The aim of this study was to review the instruments that are currently in sue for assessing the knee joint. Methods : A literature study was performed to choose appropriate scales for assessment for pain and the function of the knee. Theoretically based scales were selected for review. Therefore, 18 scales for knee and 9 scale for pain were reviewed. the status of scales involved in knee treatment of acupuncture throughout several countries was evaluated. Results & Conclusion : Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, Cincinnati knee rating system(CKRS) are adequate for ligament injury in knee. International Knee Documentation Committee scoring system(IKDC) may become a publication requirement for journals in view of the international standing of the committee. The available outcome measure for use in osteoarthritis are Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(WOMAC), Lequesne Functional Severity Index(LFI) and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score(KOOS), and in rheumatoid arthritis are McMaster-Toronto Arthritis patient function preference questionnaire(MACTAR), Quality of Life-Rheumatoid Arthritis Scale(QoL-RA Scale). Visual analog scale(VAS), verbal rating scale(VRS) are commonly used for the standard pain scale. For long term follow-up study The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36(SF-36), Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales(AIMS), Health Assessment Questionnaire(HAQ) should be included. Each measurement has its own composition and characteristics. Their validity, reliability, responsiveness and practical characteristics were already evaluated. We found 20 domestic and 28 overseas papers about knee treatment using acupuncture assessed with knee scales.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.562-571
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• 2000

Practical research, as well as theoretical research, about performance assessment is important for the successful application of performance assessment in school. To do this, two school teachers with professional educators studied theoretical basics of performance assessment for several months. As a result, 4 categories of issues for designing performance assessment were generated and described by teachers. Based on those issues, 5 directions for development were established, and finally, 7 types of performance assessment were developed. Developed items were disseminated to other two middle school teachers for application in school. After application during several months, interviews with them were conducted to obtain the informations and implications about the practical application of performance assessment.

• 대한상한금궤의학회지
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.155-164
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to report the improvement of a patient with nummular eczema treated with Hoeyeok-tang based on Shanghanlun provisions. Methods: According to the disease pattern identification diagnostic system (DPIDS) based on the Shanghanlun provisions, the patient was diagnosed with lesser yin disease according to the 324^th provision. The patient was treated with Hoeyeok-tang for 90 days. The severity of pruritus decreased, and changes in symptoms were estimated by a visual analog scale, Scoring Atopic Dermatitis Index and the Validated Investigator Global Assessment for Atopic Dermatitis. Results: The patient's symptoms were improved. The severity of pruritus decreased and they recovered from abrasions. Conclusions: This study suggests that the 324^th provision of Shanghanlun refer directly to nummular eczema.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 2013

It is a global trend that the water management policy is shifting from a water quality-oriented assessment to the aquatic ecosystem-based assessment. The majority of aquatic ecosystem assessment systems were developed solely based on physicochemical factors (e.g., water quality and bed structure) and a limited number of organisms (e.g., plankton and benthic organisms). Only a few systems use plants for a health assessment, although plants are sensitive indicators reflecting long-term disturbances and alterations in water regimes. The development of an assessment system is underway to evaluate and manage lakes as ecosystem units in the Korean Ministry of Environment. We reviewed the existing multivariate health assessment methods of other leading countries, and discussed their applicability to Korean lakes. The application of multivariate assessment methods is costly and time consuming, in addition to the correlation problem among variables. However, a single variable is not available at this moment, and the multivariate method is an appropriate system due to its multidimensional evaluation and cumulative data generation. We, therefore, discussed multivariate assessment methods in three steps: selecting metrics, scoring metrics and assessing indices. In the step of selecting metrics, the best available metrics are species-related variables, such as composition and abundance, as well as richness and diversity. Indicator species, such as sensitive species, are the most frequently used in other countries, but their system of classification in Korea is not yet complete. In terms of scoring metrics, the lack of reference lakes with little anthropogenic impact make this step difficult, and therefore, the use of relative scores among the investigated lakes is a suitable alternative. Overall, in spite of several limitations, the development of a plant-based multivariate assessment method in Korea is possible using mostly field research data. Later, it could be improved based on qualitative metrics on plant species, and with the emergence of further survey data.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.176-189
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• 2002

The purpose of the study is to develop major types of scoring rubrics of portfolio system, and estimate the reliability of the rubrics developed. The portfolio system was developed by Science Education Laboratory, Chongju National University of Education in summer, 2000. The portfolio is based on the Unit 2, The Layer and Fossil, and Unit 4, Heat and Change of Objects at fourth-grade level. Four types of scoring rubrics, holistic-general, holistic-specific, analytical-general, and analytical-specific, were developed. Students' portfolios were scored and inter-rater and intra-rater reliability were calculated. To estimate inter-rater reliability, 3 elementary teachers per each rubric(total 12) scored 12 students' portfolios. Teachers who used analytical-specific rubric scored only six portfolios because it took much more time than other rubrics. To estimate intra-rater reliability, second scoring was administered by two raters per rubric in two and half month. The results show that holistic-general rubric has high inter-rater and moderate intra-rater reliability. Holistic-specific rubric shows moderate inter- and intra-rater reliability. Analytical-general rubric has high inter-rater and moderate intra-rater reliability. Analytical-specific rubric shows high inter- and intra-rater reliability. The raters feel that general rubrics seems to be practical but not clear. Specific rubrics provide more clear guidelines for scoring but require more time and effort to develop the rubrics. Analytical-specific rubric requires more than two times of time to score each portfolio and is proved to be highly reliable but less practical.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.163-167
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• 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the incidence of avascular necrosis (AVN), prognostic reliability of the Hawkins sign, and clinical outcomes after operative treatment of fracture and dislocations of the talar neck. Materials and Methods: We analysed 16 patients with fracture and dislocations of the talar neck which were treated by open reduction and internal fixation and followed up for more than 2 years. The postoperative radiographs were examined for Hawkins sign and avascular necrosis was confirmed by bone scan. The assessment of clinical results was based on the Hawkins scoring system. Results: AVN was occurred in 2 of 16 cases (12.5%) only in type III. Hawkins sign was found 11 of 16 cases (68.8%), which included 8 cases in type II, 2 cases in type III and 1 case in type IV. The Hawkins sign was not observed in two cases with AVN. In contrast, only 2 of the 5 cases with a negative Hawkins sign developed AVN. According to Hawkins scoring system, 4 patients (25.0%) was in excellent, 7 patients (43.8%) in good, 4 patients (25.0%) in fair and 1 patient (6.3%) in poor. Conclusion: Incidence of AVN after operative treatment of fracture and dislocations of the talar neck was lower than that of previous reports. Hawkins sign had a high prognostic reliability, but absence of Hawkins' sign should not be considered a totally reliable indicator of development of avascular necrosis.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.13-24
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• 2023

Due to recent climate change, the amount of rainfall during the summer season in South Korea has been decreasing, leading to an increase in areas affected by frequent droughts. Droughts have the characteristic of occurring over a wide area and being unpredictable in terms of their onset and end, necessitating proactive research to cope with them. In this study, we conducted an assessment of agricultural drought vulnerability in Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, focusing on irrigation facilities and paddy fields. The assessment criteria were meteorological impact, drought occurrence status, supplementary water supply capacity, and drought response capability, with nine specific indicators selected. The drought response capability was analyzed by applying a scoring system as a key component of the agricultural drought vulnerability assessment, while the other indicators were quantified using an entropy weighting technique. The results of the assessment showed that Anmyeon-eup and Taean-eup were the safest areas, while Wonbuk-myeon, Nam-myeon, and Gonam-myeon were the most vulnerable. It is expected that the findings can be utilized to enhance understanding and proactive measures for coping with agricultural drought, and to determine the priority of drought response in different regions.