• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 1999

An age-dependent aspect of resistance to Cryptosporidium muris (strain MCR) infection was monitored in Syrian golden hamsters. Mesocricetus auratus. at 1-, 5- and 10-week of age and in ICR mice, Mus musculus, at 3-, 12-, and 15-week of age orally inoculated with a single dose of $2{\times}10^6$ oocysts. respectively. The prepatent periods for both animals were similar, independent of age, but the patency was significantly longer in younger hamsters (P<0.001) and a long tendency in younger mice. Hamsters infected at 1-week of age excreted about 10 times higher oocysts than those at 5- and 10-week of age. However, the total oocyst output was similar among mice of different ages. There was a good correlation between the length of the patency and the total oocyst output in hamsters (R=0.9646), but not in mice (R=0.456l). The immunogenicity of the parasite to homologous challenge infections was very strong in hamsters and relatively strong in mice. These results indicate that acquired resistance to C. muris infection is age-related and the innate resistance is independent of age of hamsters, and that both innate and acquired resistance, on the contrary, are irrespective of age of mice.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.88-102
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• 1992

The exact estimation of physical growth by Obesity level has important meaning to the health care and evaluation on adolescent girls. So this study tried to clear the relationship between weight and body fat by using data for the height, weight of 124 elementary school children and high school student in Seoul. Then this study tried to show the physical growth pattern and various characteristics by Obesity level by using longitudinal for the height, weight of 1113 high school students in Seoul, and it also tried to show what influencing factors on the physical growth of this aged population. The result could be summarized as follows. 1. The relationship between weight and body fat(%) has 0.81475(r) at age 9 and 0.69361(r) at age 18. Also the relationship between weight and lean body muscle(LBM %) has -0.81470(r) at age 9 and -0.64729(r) at age 18. 2. The weakness, normal and obesity groups were classified by Obesity level. In case of weakness group showed the very low Obesity level at age 8 to 11, in case of obesity group showed the high Obesity level at age 15 to 18. Also Rohrer index was decreasing tendency up to age 12 in weakness group and increasing tendency over age 14 in obesity group. 3. When the height and weight growth pattern was compared, height growth was superior to weight growth at age 9 to 14.5 in normal group. But weight growth was inferior to height growth at age 9 to 14.5 in normal group. In obesity group, weight growth was superior to height growth at age 7 to 18. On the other hand the height growth of weakness group was superior to the normal group and the obesity group except age 11 to 12. 4. On height velocity curve by PHV age obesity group showed the most growth amount per year(9.00Cm/yr), and the next is normal group(8.77Cm/yr), weakness group(8.70Cm/yr). Then the difference between PHV age and PWV age was within 1 year in these three groups. 5. In these three groups, height velocity curve by menarcheal age showed the PHV before 2~3 years of menarcheal age. And weight velocity curve by menarcheal age showed the remarkable PWV before 1 year of menarcheal age.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2019

The decrease in population of school age is one of major influencing factor of transformative educational environment. After the nineteen eighties, the population of South Korea has increased step by step, but the population of school age has been decreasing rapidly by low birth rate. As a result, closed school by merger and abolition of small school occurred all over the country. The closed school needed effective function as center of local community. Consequently the purpose of this study is to provide basic data for effective policy making of closed school by comparative analysis of educational environment such as number of students, schools, students per class, status of usage of closed school of the east area and the west area divided by The Tae Baek Mountains in the Gangwon-do, which has the least students in the nationwide. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1) Gangwon-do has high decreasing rate of population, schools and students compared with other provinces. However it has significantly low number of students per class. 2) The number of students, schools of the west area in Gangwon-do outnumbers that of the east area. However the number of students per class of the east area in Gangwon-do lesser than that of the west area.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5695-5699
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• 2012

We investigated the relationships between demographics, lifestyle characteristics, and serum total prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentration and examined the population-based distribution of total PSA by age among 2,246 Korean men with a median age of 45 years. We obtained data about demographic and lifestyle characteristics based on self-reporting using a quetionnaire. We also performed physical examinations, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical measurements. The PSA concentration increased with age and there was a significant difference in total PSA concentration between the age groups of 21-60 years and >60 years. Age >60 years, height ${\geq}1.8$ m, a low frequency of alcohol consumption, and taking nutritional supplements showed a significantly increased odds ratio for increased PSA when 3.0 ng/mL was chosen as the PSA cut-off level. Smoking status, BMI, percent body fat, diabetes mellitus, fatty liver, herbal medicine use, vitamin use, and diet were not significantly associated with total PSA regardless of the cut-off level. When interpreting a single PSA test, height, alcohol consumption, and nutritional supplement use should be considered, in addition to age.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2017

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to compare the width ratio of maxillary anterior teeth according to age in the Korean population and to evaluate the maxillary central incisor width-to-length (W/L) ratio, given differences in age and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Ninety-three Korean adults were divided into 3 groups (n = 31) by age. Group I was 20 - 39 years old, Group II was 40 - 59 years old, and Group III was over 60 years of age. After taking an impression and a cast model of the maxillary arch, the anterior teeth width ratio and central incisor W/L ratio were calculated from standard digital images of the cast models using a graph paper with a digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera. The calculated ratios were compared among all groups and central incisor W/L ratio were analyzed according to age and gender. All comparative data were statistically analyzed with one-sample t-tests, one-way ANOVAs with Tukey tests, and independent t-tests. RESULTS. No significant differences in maxillary anterior teeth ratios were found among the age groups. The maxillary central incisor W/L ratios in Group III were the greatest and were significantly higher than those in the other groups. The central incisor W/L ratio of men was higher than that of women in Group II. CONCLUSION. Maxillary anterior teeth width ratios were similar in all age groups in the Korean population. The maxillary central incisor was observed as worn teeth in the group over 60 years of age, and a significant difference between genders was found in 40 to 50 year olds.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.116-121
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• 2011

Purpose: Gastric cancer surgery is a common operation in East Asia, such as Korea and Japan, and there has been a significant increase in the need for this procedure due to the aging population. As a result, surgery for the treatment of gastric cancer for elderly patients is expected to increase. This study examined the effect of old age on gastric cancer surgery, and analyzed the operative risk factors for elderly patients. Materials and Methods: From November 2008 to August 2010, 590 patients, who underwent a curative resection for gastric cancers, were enrolled. Patients who underwent palliative or emergency surgery were excluded. A retrospective analysis of the correlation between surgical outcomes and age was performed. The elderly were defined as patients who were over the age of 65 years. Results: The mean age of all patients was 58.3 years, and complications occurred in 87 cases (14.7%). The most common complication was wound infection and severe complications requiring surgical, endoscopic, or radiologic intervention developed in 52 cases (8.8%). The rate of complications increased with increasing age of the patients. Univariate analysis revealed age, comorbidity, extent of resection, operation time, and combined resection to be associated with surgical complications. In particular, age over 75 years old, operation time, and comorbidity were predictive factors in multivariate analysis. In the elderly, only comorbidity was associated with surgical complications Conclusions: The patients' age is the most important factor for predicting surgical complications. Surgeons should pay an attention to the performance of gastric cancer surgery on elderly patients. In particular, it must be performed carefully for elderly patients with a comorbidity.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.239-264
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• 2008

The gap in academic achievement owing to entrance age in elementary school has been used as important basic data to formulate policies on school entrance system and other educational policies. Other countries have made further studies to prove the effect on academic achievement of age gap between students in the same grade. This study identified the clear difference in a component ratio in the participants and the successful candidates based on the by entrance age during the entrance examination of the "K" science education center for the gifted. Also, this study analyzed the difference in success in an examination depending on the season of birth between the participants and the successful candidates during the entrance examination. It also compared the birth ratio by season of each group including common students. Some preceding studies with common or backward students show the result that students who entered the school in full age have higher level of academic achievements than students in younger age. But the results of this study proved that gifted students who entered the school in full age did not have a high level of academic achievements. Like these studies, this study show the result that school entrance age works as an important factor of selection of gifted students. Students who entered the school in full age entered much more the "K" science education center for gifted students than students in young age.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.79-91
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• 2011

This study divided school age by considering a change in the stage of body growth by age in elementary schoolgirls with the use of body scan data, and considered by comparing body size characteristics by school age. Elementary schoolgirls' body shape cannot be divided clearly. However, ages 7-10 were bound into the same group for the majority of girth, width, and thickness items. 7-8 years old, 9-10 years old, and 11-12 years old were bound into the same group in most items except ages 9 and 10 for the height item. Thus, significant difference was indicated between groups. Accordingly, this study divided the school age into three periods such as early stage(ages 7-8), middle stage(ages 9-10), and late stage(ages 11-12) in consideration of the stages for elementary schoolgirls' body-shape growth. As a result of analyzing body size according to division of school age, the higher school age leads to continuous growth. The notable growth was indicated especially in the middle stage and late stage. Examining centering on typical items related to the clothing construction, there was notable increase in waist thickness and hip thickness between early and middle stages and in height, weight, breast girth, waist circumference, back length, breast width, and waist width between middle and late stages. On the other hand, hip circumference, hip width, breast thickness, and length between shoulder edges were indicated to grow relatively and evenly among early, middle, and late stages. The lateral form was shown a clear difference in the forms of early, middle, and late stages in height and length of the whole body shape and in side thickness. The early and middle stages belong to body shape that abdomen is projected to be curved. The late stage showed right body shape which is straight and stable form in posture.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.846-855
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• 1998

The purpose of the study was to investigate the level of health behavior of school-age children and to identify the predicting variables of the school-age children's health behavior. The subject were 467 children in grades four to six, enrolled in two elementary schools located in two cities. The mean age of the subject was 10.03(SD=1.33). The data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression. The result are as follows : 1. The mean of the score of health behavior of the school-age children was 154.6, showing that they are practicing health behavior relatively well. 2. There were significant differences in the mean scores of health behavior according to grade (F=6.53 p=.001), sex(t=-3.70, p=.000), educational level of the parents(F=4.92, p=.002 ; F=4.47, p=.004), occupation of the parents(F=3.31, p=.003 ; F=4.76, p=.000), and socioeconomic status(F=11.87, p=.000). 3. There were significant correlations between health behavior and health motivation(r=.53, p=.000), self-concept(r=.32, p=.000), perceived health status(r=.16, p=.000), and health locus of control (r=.15, p=.001). 4. Health motivation, self-concept, grade, socioeconomic status, and health locus of control were identified as predictor variables of health behavior of the school-age children from the stepwise multiple regression analysis. The total percent of variance accounted for by these five variables was 35.0%. From the result, it is suggested that in the development of a school health education program, the effect of health motivation and self-concept to promote student's health behavior in school-age children should be considered.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular diseases is a major cause of death and is responsible for 23.8% of deaths in Korea. Clinical symptoms manifest in adulthood, but susceptibility begins in utero. Elevated homocysteine levels and adiposity might be linked to a greater risk in children as well as adults. We hypothesized that those who have simultaneous risk for folate and adiposity would be affected with elevated homocysteine levels at 3 years of age. SUBJECTS/METHODS: From the ongoing birth cohort at Ewha Womans University Mok-Dong Hospital, we compared adiposity parameters, serum homocysteine, and folate levels in 238 children (118 boys and 120 girls) at three years of age. The relationship between birth outcome, current weight and body mass index (BMI), postnatal growth, and homocysteine level were assessed using correlation and general linear model. Additionally, we assessed the combined effect between blood folate status and adiposity on current homocysteine levels. RESULTS: Birth characteristics were not correlated with homocysteine. Current weight, BMI, upper-arm circumference, skinfold thickness, waist circumference, and hip circumference were positively correlated with homocysteine at three years of age (P < 0.05). Folate level was negatively correlated with homocysteine at three years of age (P < 0.0001). A relative high anthropometric measure which is compatible with adiposity and low folate level was associated with high homocysteine levels. CONCLUSION: We found a combined effect of adiposity and folate levels with homocysteine levels at three years of age. This implicates the beneficial role of folate supplementation in the high-risk population at an early age.