• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.96-101
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of?children with fall-down injuries according to age groups and to analyze the major trauma groups that were treated at the emergency room (ER). Methods: Among 1,222 children under age 6 who were treated at the ER from January 2008 to December 2009, a retrospective study was conducted through examination of medical records. The children were classified by age into 3 groups: infant, toddler, and pre-schooler. In each group, the differences between the causative factors that led to the fall-down injuries were analyzed. Also, ISS (Injury Severity Score) score above 4 was classified as major trauma, and an ISS score 0-1 was classified as a minor trauma. The relationship between major trauma and age group was also analyzed. Results: Through an analysis of child fall-down injuries, men (56.6%), toddler (47.3%), head-related symptoms (72.9%), furniture-related traumas (80.2%), and falls from less than a 1-m height (69.9%) were found to be common factors. Furthermore, in radiological studies, fractures and brain hemorrhages accounted for 16.9% of major traumas, and simple skull fractures were the most common (21.4%). Distributed according to age group, the factors relevant to fall injuries were fall height and head-related symptoms for infants, accident site, fall height and head-related symptoms for toddlers, and accident site for pre-schoolers (p<0.05). Also, headrelated symptoms and fall height were independent factors of major trauma in all age groups. However, major traumas (17.3%) were related to dumped trauma, fall height and accident site (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study was mainly about head-related injuries, and toddler were most common victims. The relevant factors for the major trauma were falling height for infants, accident site and falling height for toddlers, and accident site, falling height for pre-schoolers.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2020

Background Eyelids vary in morphology and structure depending on age, sex, and race. Usually, one-dimensional measurements are used to evaluate blepharoplasty outcomes. However, in recent years, three- or four- directional enlargements of the eyelid have been used for blepharoplasty in Asian patients, and the outcomes of techniques such as lateral canthoplasty or canthotomy and medial epicanthoplasty with increased scleral area cannot be analyzed using marginal reflex distance 1 or the area of corneal exposure. Therefore, we describe the use of a measurement method based on the eyeball exposure area (EEA). Methods To obtain normal EEA values by age and sex, 320 individuals were recruited. The participants were divided into eight age groups (n=40 in each group: female subjects, n=20; male subjects, n=20): 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80-89 years. The EEA value was obtained by dividing the exposed area by the total eyeball area. The normal EEA values and differences in EEA according to age and sex were calculated. Results The mean EEA values for male and female subjects were 66.86% ±9.20% and 71.48%±10.48%, respectively. In each age group, the EEA values of females were higher than those of males. EEA decreased significantly with age in both male and female subjects (P<0.05). Conclusions We determined normal EEA values according to age and sex. EEA can be used as an indicator of the outcome of blepharoplasty.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.387-399
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• 1993

This study was conducted to analyze blood lipid profile and other risk factors among crew members who are currently active and had more than 10 years of experience as crew members. Data was analyzed using medical record files in an airline medical department. The results are as follows. 1. The total number of crew members studied was 392. Among age groups, those below age 40 consisted of 26(6.9% of the total), those in age $41{\sim}50$ were 135 (34.4%) and those over age 51 were 230 (58.7%). 263 were former air force pilots consisting 66.9%. Those who had captain status numbered 21 I comprising 53.7% of the total. The type of aircraft most of the crew members involved were large size aircraft which totaled 268 (68.2%). With respect to the number of working years as crew members, 488(48.9%) comprised the largest group with $11{\sim}15$ years. 2. The rate of smoking among crew members has shown gradual decrease with 50.3% smoking in 1983 to 33.6% in 1993. Among $41{\sim}50$ age group the rate has shown a decrease from 20.9% to 13.3% In those group over age 51 it decreased from 25.5% to 16.6%. But group below age 40 were within the range of 3.6~3.8% with no significant change in the rate of smoking. 3. Body Mass Index in age group over 51 was slightly higher than other age groups. On the whole, BMI over 25 was not found. 4. The total cholesterol levels of those below age 40 were $196.9{\pm}38.5mg/dl,\;216.2{\pm}39.2mg/dl$ in ages $41{\sim}50$, and $225.1{\pm}42.5mg/dl$ in age group over 51. No significant difference was found among age groups. 5. HDL-cholesterol levels of over age 50 were higher than other age group and ranged from $40{\sim}55mg/dl$. 6. LDL-cholesterol levels of those over 51 were $126.7{\pm}37.7mg/dl$ higher than other age groups. But there were no significant changes in all age during 10 years of follow up. 7. Cardiac index of age group below age 40 was 3.8, 4.3 in age group $41{\sim}50$ and 4.5 in those over age 51 group. No significant changes among groups were found during the follow up period. 8. Triglyceride levels of age group below age 40 was $142.2{\pm}70.1,\;167.3{\pm}77.5$ in age group of $41{\sim}50$ and $113.6{\pm}897$ in age group over 50 showing that triglyceride levels increased with age. No significant changes in pattern were noted.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.281-286
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• 2014

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy of women worldwide. In Iraq, breast cancer ranks first among cancers diagnosed in women but no studies have been conducted on incidence trends. The present study of breast cancer in the country during 2000-2009 was therefore performed. Materials and Metbods: The registered data for breast cancer cases were collected from the Iraqi Cancer Registry/Ministry of Health. The significance of incidence rate trends during 2000-2009 was tested using Poisson regression. Age-standardized rates (ASR), and age-specific rates per 100,000 population were calculated. ResultS" A total of 23,792 incident breast cancer cases were registered among females aged ${\geq}15$ years, represented 33.8% of all cancers in females registered during 2000-2009. It ranked first in all the years. The median age at diagnosis was 49 and the mean age was 52 years. The incidence rate of all female breast cancer in Iraq (all ages) increased from 26.6 per 100,000 in 2000 to 31.5 per 100,000 in 2009 (APC=1.14%, p<.0001). The incidence in age groups (40-49), (50-59) and (70+) increased in earlier years and has recently (2005-2009) become stable. The incidence in age group (60-69) did not decline since 2003, while the incidence rates in the age group (15-39) started to decline in 2004. Conclusions' With the Iraqi Cancer Registry data during the period 2000-2009, the incidence of all female breast cancer in Iraq (all ages) has risen. We found rapid increase in the age specific incidence rate among age group 60-69. However, breast cancer among Iraqi women still affects younger age groups than their counterparts in developed countries. Further epidemiological research is needed to examine possible causes and prevention measures.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.113-128
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to investigate the actual condition of Coming-of-Age Ceremonies and to suggest the building blocks of a modern program for Coming-of-Age Ceremonies. This will be done through the study of the consciousness of students who participated in such ceremonies. This study was compiled from 262 data sources. The major findings as follows: 1. On evaluation of the opinions of student that have participated in Coming-of-Age ceremonies, a conclusion was drawn that such ceremonies were suitable held at age twenty. Also, drawn from the study was that most students preferred a event interweaving traditional ceremonies with blessing ceremonies and viewed that the current vogue of presenting expensive gifts was not suitable. Pertaining to the type of gifts preferred, school supplies and inexpensive accessories were on top of the list. In addition, a great majority agreed that traditional Coming-of-Age Ceremonies were difficult to perform but interesting and instructive. 2. It was discovered that a substantial majority perceived the need of Coming-of-Age Ceremonies and drew satisfaction from such events. The study also showed that satisfaction in school life and activeness in extracurricular functions was directly proportional to the student’s recognition of the need for the student’satisfaction drawn from Coming-of-Age Ceremonies. 3. It was shown that positive correlations existed between the need for and satisfaction drawn from Coming-of-Age Ceremonies and recognized the need for the comparison of modern and traditional Coming-of-Age Ceremonies and the establishment a desirable concourse of such ceremonies.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.211-231
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in the expenses of private education and the economic preparations for old age according to household income and consumption wants for education in mothers with school-aged children. The data used in this study were collected from 416 mothers with school-aged children aged 8 to 19 years old living in Daegu. The data analysis methods adopted for the study were two-way ANOVA and Scheff$\acute{e}$ test. The results of this study were as follows: First, there were differences in the private education expenditure according to the household income and the consumption wants for education in mothers with school-aged children. In the group of mothers of low household income, the mothers with high consumption wants for education spent more money on academic education and music, fine arts or physical education than the mother's with low consumption wants for education. On the other hand, in the group of mothers of high household income, the mothers with low consumption wants for education spent more money on academic education and spent less money on music, fine arts or physical education than the mothers with high consumption wants for education. There were no meaningful differences in the group of mothers of middle household income. Second, there were differences in the perceived burden of private education expenditure according to the household income and the consumption wants for education in mothers with school-aged children. In the group of mothers of middle household income, the mothers with low consumption wants for education perceived there was a higher burden for private education expenditure than the mothers with high consumption wants for education. Third, there were differences in the expenditure preparation for old age and the economic preparation behavior for old age according to the level of household income. The mothers with high household income spent more money on preparation for old age and did well in economic preparation behavior for old age than the mothers with middle and low household income.

• 감성과학
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2016

본 연구는 성별과 연령, 감성차원(날카롭다/부드럽다, 앳되다/성숙하다)에 따라 얼굴매력에 대한 평가가 달라지는지 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 각 참가자들에게 60개의 여성 얼굴 사진에 대하여 9점 척도로 이루어진 세 차원('날카롭다/부드럽다', '앳되다/성숙하다', '전혀 매력적이지 않다/매력적이다')에 평정하도록 제시하였고, 총 131명이 참가하였다(초등학생: 48명, 중학생: 44명, 대학생: 39명; 남자: 60명, 여자: 71명). 연구 결과를 알아보기 위하여 다층분석을 실시하였다. 성별과 세 연령집단 모두 얼굴이 앳될수록, 부드러울수록 매력적으로 평가하였다. 한편 성별과 연령에 따른 매력 정도의 차이가 있었다. 대학생이 초등학생과 중학생보다 매력을 더 높게 평가하였고 남자보다 여자가 동일한 사진을 더 매력적으로 평가하였다. 또한 대학생과 초등학생 간의 '날카롭다/부드럽다' 차원의 평가가 유의미하게 달랐으며, 이는 대학생보다 초등학생에게 '날카롭다/부드럽다' 차원이 얼굴매력 평정에 더 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 해석된다. 본 연구 결과는 얼굴이 앳될수록, 부드러울수록 얼굴을 매력적이라고 판단하지만, 감성차원이 매력에 미치는 효과가 성별과 연령에 따라 차이가 있음을 시사한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.246-252
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• 2011

Purpose: The outcomes of small for gestational age (SGA) infants especially in extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWIs) are controversial. This study evaluated the mortality and morbidity of ELBWIs, focusing on whether or not they were also SGA. Methods: The medical records of 415 ELBWIs (birth weight<1,000 g), who were inborn and admitted to the Samsung Medical Center neonatal intensive care unit from January 2000 to December 2008, were reviewed retrospectively. Mortality and morbidities were compared by body size groups: very SGA (VSGA), birth weight ${\leq}$3rd percentile; SGA, 3rd to 10th percentile; and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants, >10th percentile for gestational age. For gestational subgroup analysis, groups were divided into infants with gestational age ${\leq}24^{+6}$ weeks (subgroup I), $25^{+0}$ to $26^{+6}$ weeks (subgroup II), and ${\geq}27^{+0}$ weeks (subgroup III) Results: Gestational age was $29^{+2}{\pm}2^{+6}$ weeks in the VSGA infants (n=49), $27^{+5}{\pm}2^{+2}$weeks in the SGA infants (n=45), and $25^{+4}{\pm}1^{+4}$ weeks in AGA infants (n=321). Birth weight was $692{\pm}186.6$ g, $768{\pm}132.9$ g, and $780{\pm}142.5$ g in the VSGA, SGA, and AGA groups, respectively. Cesarean section rate and maternal pregnancy-induced hypertension were more common in the VSGA and SGA than in AGA pregnancies. However, chorioamnionitis was more common in the AGA group. The mortalities of the lowest gestational group (subgroup I), and also of the lower gestational group (subgroup I+II) were significantly higher in the VSGA group than the SGA or AGA groups (P=0.020 and P=0.012, respectively). VSGA and SGA infants showed lower incidence in respiratory distress syndrome, ductal ligation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage than AGA group did. However, by multiple logistic regression analysis of each gestational subgroup, the differences were not significant. Conclusion: Of ELBWIs, extremely SGA in the lower gestational subgroups, had an impact on mortality, which may provide information useful for prenatal counseling.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2024

목적: 이 연구는 2000년부터 2023년까지 한국학교·지역보건교육학회지에 게재된 영유아 및 아동 관련 연구에 대하여 동향을 분석하고 향후 학술지 발전 및 증진에 기여하고자 한다. 방법: 2000년부터 2023년까지 게재된 논문의 연구주제, 연구유형, 자료수집방법 및 자료분석방법을 비교·분류하고 총 52편을 분석하였다. 결과: 52편의 문헌을 분석한 결과, 전반적으로 2008년부터 2012년도에 가장 많이 출판되는 추세를 보였고 학령기 아동 대상 문헌이 가장 많았다. 연구주제 분류에 따르면 '건강행동과 보건교육'이 14편(26.9%), 구강건강 9편(17.3%), 안전관리 7편(13.5%), 성의식(11.5%) 순이었다. 연구유형은 양적 연구가 가장 많았고 자료수집 방법은 설문조사가 주로 이루어졌으며 자료분석방법은 기술통계 및 t-test 분석 방법 빈도가 높았다. 결론: 한국학교·지역보건교육학회지의 질적 수준의 향상을 위하여 영유아기 및 학령기 아동 대상을 중심으로 근거기반 중심의 연구 확대가 이루어져야 하고, 연구설계, 자료수집 및 분석방법의 다양화가 요구된다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.210-216
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• 2015

본 연구는 마늘의 물추출물(AGE)의 E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium, 그리고 S. aureus에 대한 항균효과를 조사하였다. AGE의 E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium, and S. aureus에 대한 최소억제농도(MIC)는 각각 24, 48 그리고 24 mg/mL이었으며, 최소살균농도(MBC)는 모든 균에 대하여 96 mg/mL이었다. AGE 24 mg/mL을 E. coli O157:H7에 투여하고 배양 24시간 후에, 균의 증식이 무처리 대조군과 비교하여 유의성 있게 감소하였다(p < 0.01). 그러나 AGE 24 mg/mL을 S. aureus에 투여하고 배양 24시간 후에, 대조군과 비교하여 유의성 있는 균의 증식억제 효과가 나타나지 않았으나, AGE 96 mg/mL을 투여한 경우에서는 배양 24시간 후에 대조군과 비교하여 유의성 있는 균의 증식억제가 나타났다(p < 0.01). AGE 48 (p < 0.05)과 96 mg/mL (p < 0.001)을 S. typhimurim에 투여하고 24시간 배양 후에, 대조군과 비교하여 통계적으로 유의성 있는 균의 증식억제 효과가 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과로부터, 마늘의 물추출물은 항생제와 화학적 식품보존제의 대체제로서 사용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.