• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.515-530
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• 2016

In this paper, five different quantitative parameters were proposed for the characterization of the primary roughness which is the component of surface morphology that prevails during large strike-slip faults of more than 50 m. These parameters are mostly the anisotropic properties of rock surface morphology at various scales: (i) coefficient ($k_a$) and degree (${\delta}_a$) of apparent structural anisotropy of surface; (ii) coefficient ($k_r$) and degree (${\delta}_r$) of real structural anisotropy of surface; (iii) surface anisotropy function P(${\varphi}$); and (iv) degree of surface waviness ($W_s$). The coefficient and degree of apparent structural anisotropy allow qualifying the anisotropy/isotropy of a discontinuity according to a classification into four classes: anisotropic, moderately anisotropic/isotropic and isotropic. The coefficient and degree of real structural anisotropy of surface captures directly the actual surface anisotropy using geostatistical method. The anisotropy function predicts directional geometric properties of a surface of discontinuity from measurements in two orthogonal directions. These predicted data may subsequently be used to highlight the anisotropy/isotropy of the surface (radar plot). The degree of surface waviness allows qualifying the undulation of anisotropic surfaces. The proposed quantitative parameters allows their application at both lab and field scales.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.4-14
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• 2005

CarboKorea and HydroKorea are the domestic projects aiming to improve our understanding of carbon and water cycles in a typical Korean forest located in a complex terrain with a watershed connected to large rivers. The ultimate goal is to provide a nowcasting of these cycles for the whole Peninsula. The basic strategy to achieve such goal is through the inter- and multi-disciplinary studies that synthesize the in-situ field observation, modeling and remote sensing technology. The challenge is the fact that natural ecosystems are nonlinear and heterogeneous with a wide range of spatio-temporal scales causing the variations of mass and energy exchanges from a leaf to landscape scales. Our paradigm now shifts from temporal variation at a point to spatial patterns and from spatial homogeneity to complexity of water and carbon at multiple scales. Yet, a large portion of our knowledge about land-atmosphere interactions has been established based on tower observations, indicating that the development of scaling logics holds the key to the success of CarboKorea and HydroKorea. Here, we review the pioneering work of FIFE (First ISLSCP Field Experiment) on scaling issues in a temperate grassland and discuss the lessons from it for the application to Gwangneung forest site.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.605-611
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• 2001

In order to offer the service information of high-quality, we should develop the software of high-Quality. We need the united estimate method, because existing developed quality measurements individually measure attributes using the different viewpoint. Therefor, this paper propose the model that able to include many method of measurements. Our model selects the ratio scales and calculates the relative significance of them by using rough logic. Then, in order to measure the quality of module, it integrates the significance of scales and the measured value of them by using fuzzy integral. Finally, we analyze the correlation between the existing scales with our measurement and validate our model through statistical technique.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.1267-1276
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• 1997

In this paper, the optimal model for specific test data was selected autimatically among sofware reliability growh models bassed on NAPP(Non Homogeneous Posission Preocess), and in result the tool for the reliability estimating scales was implemented.Whith the implemented tool, software optimal rekiability estimating scales(total expected number errors, error detection rate, expected number of errors remaining in the sortware, reliability, ete) could be predicted. By the reliability estimating scales gained form this, sofware development and projecr management could be applied. In order to test the optimal of the implemented tool, the comparicon with other paper and analization was done by using actual error data.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.137-141
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• 2004

We make a gonioradiometer to realize the scales of total luminous flux and total spectral flux from standards of irradiance and illuminance. Transferring of the photometric scales to a radiometric base has been completed by using a new goniometer to realize a scale of total luminous flux from the scale of illuminance. This is done by measuring the flux emanating from an optical source in different directions and integrating it over an entire imaginary surface surrounding the source. This method is suggested for the realization of the scales of total luminous flux and geometrically total spectral flux. The combined uncertainty of a total flux in the KRISS gonioradiometry is 1 % in the condition of 95% reliance.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.75-88
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• 2003

Purpose : The Purposes of this study was to develop a learning organization measurement for nurses, and to test the validity and reliability of the measurement. Method : This study was conducted through 3 phases -theoretical framework choice, measurement items selection, and the testing of validity and reliability. In order to test reliability and validity of the measurement, data were collected from the 261 nurses, working in the 1 hospital with more 800 beds. The data obtained were analyzed by SPSS for Window program using percentages, Factor Analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficients. Result : As a result of the study, 2 scales -Learning Organization Building Scale, and Knowledge Management Process Scale- were developed. Learning Organization Building Scale was consisted of 23 items, 5 factors. 5 factors explained 60.26% of the total variance, and the Cronbach's alpha of this scale was .8807. Knowledge Management Process Scale was consisted of 17 items, 4 factors. 4 factors explained 66.14% of the total variance, and the Cronbach's alpha of this scale was .9147. Conclusion : The Study supports the validity and reliability of the scales. Therefore, these scales can be effectively utilized for many researches about Learning organization of Nurse, and Nursing organization in the Hospital Setting.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.434-443
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate sleep patterns in nursing students as measured by an automated wireless sleep tracker and self-reported sleep scales. Methods: Data were collected from October, 2011 to May, 2012. ZQ (a symbolic number that measures the quality and quantity of sleep) was calculated from the automated wireless sleep tracker. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-Korean version, Sleep scale A, and sleep satisfaction were used as self-report sleep scales. Female nursing college students (n=37) were recruited by convenience sampling. Before going to bed, they were asked to put on a head-band type sleeping sensor and to move it the next morning. Every student slept 2~4 nights with the sleep tracker. Data were collected for 86 (91.4%) of 94 nights' sleep. The students were also requested to fill in the PSQI-K, sleep scale A, and sleep satisfaction. Results: The only statistically significant correlation was between ZQ and sleep satisfaction (r=.869, p=.026). The biggest obstacle in using this device was putting on the head-band type sensor. Conclusion: Validity of the wireless sleep tracker was verified in part. The usefulness of this device in nursing research and practice was identified. Further evaluation need to be conducted with various populations.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.161-171
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• 2017

Global environmental changes have the capacity to make dramatic alterations to floral and faunal composition, and elucidation of the mechanism is important for predicting its outcomes. Studies on global climate change have traditionally focused on statistical summaries within relatively wide scales of spatial and temporal changes, and less attention has been paid to variability in microclimates across spatial and temporal scales. Microclimate is a suite of climatic conditions measured in local areas near the earth's surface. Environmental variables in microclimatic scale can be critical for the ecology of organisms inhabiting there. Here we examine the effect of spatial and temporal changes in microclimates on those of carabid beetle communities in Hyangnobong, Korea. We found that climatic variables and the patterns of annual changes in carabid beetle communities differed among sites even within the single mountain system. Our results indicate the importance of temporal survey of communities at local scales, which is expected to reveal an additional fraction of variation in communities and underlying processes that has been overlooked in studies of global community patterns and changes.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.699-708
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• 2006

Purpose: This correlational study was undertaken to examine the relationship among daily life stress, self-efficacy, hardiness, and health behavior of university students. Methods: Two hundred sixty five university students were gathered from the undergraduate classes. Data were collected through self-reported question- naires which included daily life stress scale, self-efficacy scales, hardiness scales, and health behavior scales. Results: The daily life stress level had a maximum score of 4 with a mean score of 2.09 and the mean score of health behavior was 2.56. A negative correlation exists among daily life stress, self-efficacy, and health behavior. The self-efficacy is positively correlated with the health behavior. According to the hardiness factor, health behavior is positively correlated with hardiness. In the subareas, health behavior is positively correlated with control, commitment, and challenge. The self- efficacy factor was positively correlated with challenge. Conclusions: In conclusion, based onthe results of this study, both self-efficacy and hardiness are useful concepts in reducing the stress level and in increasing the health promoting behavior. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a program based on both self-efficacy and hardiness.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.1 s.73
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• pp.1-18
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to construct the Marital Relationship Enhancement Program based on PREP(Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program), and to examine the effect of it for couples in the early marriage stage. To perform this program, six session of time-limited(two hour) were carried out experimental group. and subjects were assigned to experimental group(N=6 couples) and control group(N=6 couples). Scales of PREPARE II (PREmarital Personal And Relationship Evaluation), Couple Communication Scales and Commitment Scales were used as pre-post-follow instruments of this study. Major finding were as follows : 1. Marital Relationship Enhancement Program for couples in the early marriage stage has meaningful consequences for the improvement of participants' couple relationship. 2. Marital Relationship Enhancement Program had meaningful consequence for the improvement of participants' realistic expectation of marriage, communication and conflict resolution skills and leisure activities. These positive effects maintained at follow-up. However, it hadn't meaningful consequence for the improvement of participants' marital commitment. 3. Marital Relationship Enhancement Program had also meaningful consequence for the improvement of the wives' realistic expectation of marriage, communication and conflict resolution skills and leisure activities, of the husbands' communication and conflict resolution skills.