• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.330-337
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• 1990

The crude polysaccharide from Panax ginseng prepared by hot water extration and precipiation with ethanol was further fractionated into neutral and acidic fractions by DEAE- cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The chemical compositions were 85.0% carbohydrorate and 15.0% protein for the neutral fraction, and 28.4% carbohydrate, 10.0% protein and 29.0% uronic acid for the acidic fraction. The acidic fraction was more effective in increasing of the ratio of spleen to body weight, the number of antibody secreting cells to SRBC and phagocytic activity of reticuloendothelial system, as well as antitumor activity against the solid form of sarcoma 180 in ICR mice than the neutral fraction. All polysaccharide fractions were mitogenic to cultured spleen cells of C57BL/6 mice. However, FA was different from FN in the co-mitogenicities with lectin mitogens. Both crude and acidic fractions potentiated remarkably the mitogenic activity of PHA-P or LPS in dose-dependent manner but neutral fraction enhanced only that of LPS. Three polysaccharide fractions had no effect on that of Con A. These results suggest that the acidic fraction may stimulate B and Td cells as well as macrophages while the neutral fraction may simulate only B cells and macropages.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2002

The composition of monosaccharides of acidic polysaccharide isolated from ethanol-insoluble and water-soluble fractions of red ginseng roots was analysed and its immunological activities were investigated. Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP) was composed of glucose (26.1 mole %), arabinose (1.6 mole %), glucuroninc acid (51.8 mol %) and galacturonic acid (5.1 mole %) as determined by gas liquid chromatography. Addition of RGAP increased production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ in the rodent macrophage cultures. Peritoneal macrophages from RGAP-treated mice exhibited potent tumoricidal activities toward P815 and WEHI 164 tumor cells. It was also observed that concentrations of NO and TNF-$\alpha$ were high in the culture medium of macrophages from the mice administered with RGAP. Moreover, treatment of RGAP in vivo stimulated tumoricidal activities of natural killer (NK) cells. Treatment with RGAP increased life span of sarcoma 180-bearing mice and decreased tumor weights of B16-tumor-bearing mice. These results suggest that activation of macrophages and NK cells serve to enhance in vivo anticancer activities of RGAP.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 1993

Panax ginseng has been extensively used in the traditional oriental medicine as a restorative, tonic and Prophylactic agent. Recently, several reports regarding to anticancer effects of Panax ginseng has accumulated. These studies emphasized the fact that the anticancer activities might be due to a glycoside group called ginsenoside or pan.u saponin which has a water soluble characteristic. However, the authors and collaborates demonstrated that a highly lipid soluble component in extract of Panax ginseng roots contains a considerable cytotoxic activities against marine leukemic cells (L1210, P388) and human censer cells (HRT-18, HT-29, HCT48). This study was devised to observe the cytotoxic activities of Petroleum-ether extract of Panax giuseng roots (crude GBD and its Partially Purified fraction from silicic acid column chromatography (7 : 3 GX) against sarcoma-180 (5-180) and Walker carcinosar- coma 256 (Walker 256) in vivo, and murine leukemic Lymphocytes (L1210) and human rectal cancer cells (HRT-18) and human colon cancer cells (HT-29 and HCT48) in vitro. Each cell-line was cultured in medium containing serial concentration of the crude GX or 7 : 3 GX in vitro. A highly lipid soluble compound in the extract of Panax ginseng root was cytocidal to murine leukemic cells and human colon and rectal cancer cells in vitro. In the meantime, ginseng saponin derivatives did not have cytotoxic effects at its corresponding concentration. The growth rates of the cancer cells in medium containing ginseng extracts were inhibited gradually to a significant degree roughly in proportion to the increase of the extract concentration. The cytotoxic activity of 7 : 3 GX was about 3 times more potent than that of crude GX, one unit of cytotoxic activity against L1210 cells being equivalent to 2.54 Ug and 058 Ug for the crude GX and 7 : 3 GX, respectively. The Ri value of the active compound on silica- gel thin layer chromatography with petroleum-ether/ethyl ether/acetic acid mixture (90 : 10 : 1, v/v/v) as a developing so lvent was 053. While, the Panaxydol and Panaxynol as active compounds were purified from Petroleum-ether extract of Panax ginseng root by Drs. Ahn and Kim, and author found out that the one unit of cytotoxic activity of the Panaxydol and Panaxynol against L1210 cells being equivalent to 056 Ug and 0.3918 respectively. The survival times of mice inoculated with S-180 cells were extended about 1.5 to 2 times by the 7 : 3 GX treatment compared with their control group. The significantly decreased hemoglobin values of rats after inoculation with Walker 256 were recovered to normal range by oral administration of the crude Gt The synthetic levels of protein, DNA and RNA in human colon and rectal cancer cells were significantly diminished by treatment with the crude GX, which can explain a part of the origin of its anticancer activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2004

Hot water-extracts prepared from Cordyceps militaris of silkworm pupa (CMP) or Cordyceps militaris of silkworm larva (CML) were tested for tumor growth inhibitory and immunomodulatory activities in ICR mice bearing sarcoma-180 cells solid tumor, and compared with those of the known compound, cordycepin, found in Cordyceps militaris. Mice were subcutaneously injected with sarcoma-180 cells, and i.p. injected with either saline (Control), 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg of CMP (CMP50 or CMP100, respectively), or CML (CML50 or CML100, respectively), or 1 or 2 mg/kg of cordycepin (C1 or C2, respectively) for 10 days. Mice injected with CMP50 or CMP100 showed a 47.3% or 57.6% inhibition in the solid tumor growth (P<0.05), while those injected with CML50 or CML100 exhibited a 35.5% or 37.1% reduction (p<0.05) in solid tumor size compared to the value for control mice treated with saline. Animals injected with corcycepin showed a 26∼30% inhibition in the solid tumor growth (P<0.05). Mice bearing solid tumor and injected with CMP or CML showed a significantly increased thymus weight (38∼44% increase), lymphocyte percentages of CD4+ T-cell, CD8+ T-cell, and NK-cell (63∼110% increase) in the spleen, and interleukin-2 excretion (33∼51% increase) by the isolated splenocytes compared to those in control mice (p<0.05). These results indicate that the anti-tumor activity of hot water extracts of Cordyceps militaris, raised on both silkworm pupa and silkworm larva, appears to be associated with their immunomodulatory activity, and these activities found in Cordyceps militaris are superior to those for the single compound, cordycepin.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.71-87
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• 1998

Even though appropriate immune response is necessary for the survival of the individual, excessive or insufficient immune Response might cause autoimmune or allergic disease. So the immune response must be controlled to the degree that is beneficial for the well being of the individual. This study was undertaken to know the effects of Gunleetang Gagambang on the immune system of the mouse. Gunleetang Gagambang has been used for cure of tumor as a traditional medicine without any experimental evidence to support the rational basis for its clinical use. This study was carried out to evaluate the possible therapeutic or antitumoral effects of Gunleetang Gagambang extract against tumor, and to carry out some mechanisms responsible for its effect. Some kinds of tumor were induced by the typical application of 3-methylcholanthrene(MCA) or by the implantation(s.c) of malignant tumor cells such as leukemia cells(3LL cells) or sarcoma cells(S180 cells). Treatment of the Gunleetang Gagambang on water-extract(dailly 1mg/mouse, i. p.) was continued for 7 days prior to tumor induction and after that the treatment was lasted for 20 days. Against squamous cell carcinoma induced by MCA, Gunleetang Gagambang decreased not only the frequency of tumor production but also the number and the weight of tumors per tumor bearing mice(TBM). Gunleetang Gagambang on also significantly suppressed the development of 3LL cell and S180 cell-implanted tumors in occurrence-frequency and their size. and some developed tumors were regressed by the continuous treatment of Gunleetang Gagambang extract into TBM. In vitro, treatment of Gunleetang Gagambang extract had no effect on the growth of some kinds of cell line such as FsaII, A431 strain but significantly inhibited the proliferation of 3LL, S180 cells and augmented the DNA synthesis of mitogen-activated lymphocytes. Gunleetang Gagambang also stimulated the migrative ability of leukocyte, the MIF and IL-2 production of T lymphocytes, but not IL 6 production of B cells. Gunleetang Gagambang administration to mice enhanced NK cells activities. These results demonstrated that Gunleetang Gagambang extract exhibited a significant prophylactic benefits against tumors and its antitumor activity was manifested depending on the type of tumor cells. And these results also suggested that effect of Gunleetang Gagambang might be chiefly due to nonspecitie enhancement of NK cell activities and cell-mediated immune responses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.953-958
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of beverage (beverage HC and beverage PG) using herbs on antimicrobial activity, proliferation of hepatic cancer cell (Hep3B) lines and sarcoma 180 (S-180) and antiallergy, respectively. Beverage PG showed higher antimicrobial activity than beverage HC against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Beverage HC and PG showed the tumor suppressive effect in mice injected with S-180 cells. The growth-inhibitoy ratio against tumor cells were $66\%\;for\;10\%$ beverage HC, $61\%\;for\;10\%$ beverage PG. In an anti-cancer test using Hep3B cells, beverage PG showed higher anti-proliferating effect than beverage HC. Beverage PG showed growth-inhibitory effect of $69.2\%\;at\;100\%$ beverage PG. Beverage PG inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80. In conclusion, these results suggest that beverage using herbs have an antimicrobial activity, anti-proliferating effect against Hep3B cell and S-180 tumor and will be beneficial in treatment of allergic reaction.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.25 no.4 s.99
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• pp.348-355
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• 1994

An antitumor component, F-D-P, was purified from the hot water extract of the carpophores of Elfvingia applanata by precipitation with ethanol, dialysis, and passage through a column of DEAE-cellulose ion exchange. F-D-P inhibited the growth of Sarcoma 180 in mice showing the tumor inhibition ratio of 88.3% in doses of 20 mg/kg for ten days. Chemical analysis of F-D-P showed that it was composed of polysaccharide(65.3%) and protein(6.5%0, and that the monosaccharides consisting of the polysaccharide was glucose(89.1%) and mannose(10.9%). The immunomodulatory activities of F-D-P were explored by determining its effect on the proliferation of the whole and subpopulations of lymphocytes, and on the generation of natural killer(NK) cell activity in vitro. F-D-P was mitogenic to total lymphocytes and B cells, but not to purified T cells, even in the presence of accessory cells. F-D-P did not increase NK cell activity when added to cultures of resting lymphocytes. From these results, it is clear that F-D-P modulates primarily the humoral immune responeses.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.9
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• pp.139-154
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• 2000

This studies were examined in orther to investigate the object and the method of animal experimental papers on medicinal herbs of cancer therapeutic activities from the reported 23 literatures containing anti-cancer effects of medicinal herbs. The results were obtained as follows: 1. The oriental medicinal therapies on cancer were Pujeung(扶正法), Kuesa(祛邪法), Pujeungkuesa(扶正法邪法). 2. The experimental medicinal herbs of cancers therapy were 103 species, which was used for experimental cancer single or combine. Among then, Houttuyniae herba, Polyporus, Manitis squama, Evodiae fructus, Aucklandiae radix and Pharbitidis semen were effective for cancer treatment, while Houttuyniae herba inhibited tumor cells, but not normal cells. Also, Evodiae fructus, Aucklandiae radix and Pharbitidis semen showed strong cytoxicities on 20 different tumor cell lines, whereas Saururi herba seu rhizoma showed cytoxicity against HT-29 cell, melanoma, SK-MEL-5 cell, and Anemarrhenae rhizoma against ovarian tumor cell only, and Schizonepetae herba against HT-29 cell line only with a potent inhivitory activities. 3. P815 cell, Yac-1 cell, Sarcoma 180 cell, K 562 cell, and SNU-1 cells were frequently used as experimental cancer therapy.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.274-279
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• 2008

This study investigated the antimutagenic and anticancer effects of soybean sauce (kanjang) supplemented with deep sea water and Sea Tangle. The Ames test indicated that kanjang had no mutagenicity but it significantly inhibited mutations induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO). Kanjang (200 ug/plate) with supplementary deep sea water and Sea Tangle had approximately 90.9% and 62.0% inhibitory effect, respectively, against mutagenesis of TA100 induced by MNNG and 4NQO. There was 61.7% inhibition of mutagenesis induced by 4NQO against the TA98 strain. Kanjang inhibited growth of cell lines of human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B), human gastric carcinoma (AGS), human lung carcinoma (A549), and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with kanjang supplemented with 1.0 mg/mL deep sea water had cytotoxicities of 69.4% 70.5% 55.6% 82.1 % and 73.2% against HeLa, Hep3B, AGS, A549 and MCF-7 cells respectively. In contrast kanjang supplemented with 1 mg/mL deep sea water had only $10{\sim}40%$ cytotoxicity on normal human embryonal kidney cells (293). Kanjang supplemented with deep sea water significantly inhibited tumor growth in mice injected sarcoma-180 cells. In particular, kanjang supplemented with deep sea water (25 mg/kg) inhibited tumor cell activity by 40.9%.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.334-341
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• 2004

Polysaccharides were prepared from Orostachys japonicus by extration with hot steam water (OJPl). The OIPl fraction was further purified by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration chromatography to produce FI (polysaccharides) and FII (oligosaccharides) fraction. The average molecular masses o fFI and FII fraction were determined to be 3050 kDa and 13 kDa, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of OIPl was tested against 8 strains of bacteria and one strain of yeast by the disc diffusion method, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) method and broth dilution method. The OIPl exhibited a very strong growth inhibition to Candida albicans. The OIPl remarkably sup­pressed the growth of Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. The OIPl showed higher growth inhibition to Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa than propolis, positive control. When the anticancer activity of the OIPl, FI or FII was examined against human cancer cell lines and the Sarcoma 180 cells, these widely suppressed the proliferation of cell lines in the MTT assay and morphology study. Especially, they remarkably inhibited the growth of A549, HeLa and AGS cells. Also treatment of cancer cells with OJPl, FI or FII induced apoptotic cell death characterized by DNA fragmentation. The OJPl, FI or FII exhibiting various biological activities such as antimicrobial activity and anticancer activity is expected to be developed as new biohealth products.