• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.102-107
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• 1983

The effects of saponin, one of major components (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), on the growth of E. coli K-12 and the formation of siderphore was observed The following results were obtained. 1. When E. coli was grown on medium containing 1${\times}$10-5%-11${\times}$10-1% of the saponin, the rate of growth was stimulated at 10-1% of the saponin significantly compared to that of control. 2. When E. coli K-12 was grown on medium containing 1${\times}$10-1% of the saponin, the amount of siderphore was two times as much as the control. 3. The growth of E. coli was observed to be dependent on the concentration of siderophore when siderophore was added to medium. 4. The effect of saponin on the formation of siderophore in vitro was observed to reach maximum at 1${\times}$10-3% of the saponin. Such results suggest that the growth rate of E. coli K-12 could be enhanced by ginseng saponin fraction through stimulation of siderphore formation. We have described the fast growth of E. coli, K-12 and B. subtilis, rapid uptake of 14C-glucose, and high level of other metabolites such as lipids and proteins of E. coli, and B. subtilis in medium containing saponing fraction compared to that of microorganisms without saponin fraction.1∼3Such differences were claimed to be due to rapid uptake of 14C-glucose by widened periplasmic region throught unknown mechanism in the prescence of saponin fraction in medium3 and have raised a question whether there is another possible factor, siderophore4(Greek for iron bears), since microorganisms must secure a sufficient amount of iron for normal growth. These are known to be synthesized by the cells under iron-deficient condition and in most case, excreted into the medium5, where they can complex and solubilize any iron present there. It is generally believed that these complexes are then taken into the cells presumably by specific transport systems, thus providing iron for cell metabolism. Within the group of enteric bacteria, only three species (E. coli, S. typhimurium, and A. aerogense) have, so far, been studied in a ny detail. The main iron-binding compound produced by these species is enterochelin, and its role in iron transport is now well established. And biosynthesis of enterochelin from 2, 3- dihydroxybenzoate and serine in the prescence of magnesium ions and ATP was reported6. 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoate was also shown to involve isochorismate and 2, 3-dihydro-2, 3-dihydroxybenzoate as intermediate.7∼11 The present paper deals with the effect of ginseng saponin fraction on growth, the level of enterochelin formation in vivo and the conversion of 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoate and serine into entrochelin in vitro, and entrochelin obtained on the growth in relation to possible explanation of ginseng saponin fraction on the rapid growth of E. coli, K-12.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.86-94
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• 1985

Attempts were made if diol and triol fractions of ginseng saponin affect on glutamine transport into rat renal cortical mitochondria, swelling, phosphate dependent glutaminase activity, and consumption of oxygen. The following results were obtained. When mitochondrial preparation from rat renal cortex was incubated in medium containing 14C-glutamine and either triol or diol fractions, radioactivity was shown to increase at both 10-6% and 10-5% triol fractions of ginseng saponin, but reduce in case of diol fraction. The remarkable acceleration of the rate of swelling of renal cortical mitochondria was observed in the presence of 10-1% trios and diol fractions but no accerelation at lower concentrations. The activity of phosphate dependent glutaminase from renal cortical mitochondria was slightly activated at 10-2% of triol fraction. However, there was no effect in case of diol fraction. Oxygen consumption by mitochondria from renal cortex was remarkably increased at concentrations of 10-5% and 10-6% triol fractions, but reduced in the case of diol fractions. On the basis of these observations it was concluded that triol fraction of ginseng saponin might increase the transport of glutamine into mitochondria by accelerating the respiratory chain and supplying additional energy to mitochondria, and physiological role of triol fraction was entirely different from that of diol fraction of ginseng saponin.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 1991

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of ginseng saponin fraction and cyclophosphamide (CY) on the tumor development, the antitumor effect and the tumoricidal activity of mouse macrophage. When mice were treated with saponin or CY following inoculation with Sarcoma 180, tumor development was inhibited and survival ratio increased, and a combination of both treatments further inhibited the tumor development. Tumoricidal activity of macrophage was effectively increased at 10-7% concentration of CY and it was further increased when macrophage was cotreated with saponin and CY. Tumoricidal activity of macrophage was greatest at the third day after inoculating tumor cell. Both saponin and CY increased the chemiluminescence of macrophage, but CY had no effect on releasing TNF, unlike saponin.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 1989

Linoleic acid and ferulic acid were isolated from alkaline hydrolysate of a crude ginseng saponin fraction of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer roots.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 1997

The effect of total saponin fraction of Ginseng injected intrathecally (i.1.) or in- tracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) on the antinociception induced by D-$Pen^{2,5}$- enkephalin (DPDPE) ad ministered i.c.v. was studied in ICR mice in the present study. The antinociception was assessed by the tail-flick test. Total saponin fraction at doses 0.1 to 1.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$, which administered i.t. Alone did not affect the latencies of tail-flick threshold, attenuated dose-dependently the inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by i.c.v. administered DPDPE (10 $\mu\textrm{g}$). However, total saponin fraction at doses 1 to 20 $\mu\textrm{g}$, which administered i.c.v. Alone did not affect the latencies of the tail-flick response, did not affect i.c.v. administered DPDPE (10 $\mu\textrm{g}$)-induced antinociception. The duration of antagonistic action of total saponin fraction against DPDPE-induced antlnociception was lasted at least for 6 hrs. Various doses of ginsenosides Rd, but not $\Rb_2$, Rc, Rg1, and $\Rb_1$ and Re, injected i.t. Dose-dependently attenuated antinociception induced by DPDPE administered i.c.v. Our results indicate that total saponin fraction injected spinally appears to have antagonistic action against the antinociception induced by supraspinally applied DPDPE. Ginsenoside Rd appears to be responsible for blocking j.c.v. administered DPDPE-induced antinociception. On the other hand, total ginseng fraction, at supraspinal sites, may not have an antagonistic action against the antinociception induced by DPDPE.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.75-81
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• 1984

The effect of the saponin fraction extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer on the absorption of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol in rat has been investigated and realized that the saponin fraction stimulated not only the absorption of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (1.5-2 times that of control) but also its transport and excretion. ${\alpha}$-tocopherol is known to be transported mainly in the form of ${\beta}$-lipoprotein but the present study showed that the ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was transported in the form of albumin bound or micellar structure as well.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.93-103
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• 1969

Saponin, essential oil, fat oil and alkaloidal fraction were fractionated from the ethanol extract of fanax ginseng. Effect of each fraction of Panax ginseng upon the temperature response induced by reserpine, chlorpromazine and nembutal was investigated in mice, so as to secure some hidden facets of each fraction of Panax ginseng acting upon central nervous system. The authors could arrive at some results, that is: (1) Inhibitory effect of Panax ginseng upon temperature decline induced by nembutal and chlorpromazine and potentiating action upon hyperthermia induced by reserpine reside mainly in saponin fraction and slightly in essential oil fraction. (2) The effect of Ginseng saponin on temperature response in nice seems to be related with the liberation of serotonin and histamine.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.213-221
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• 1985

인삼의 ethanol extract, crude saponin 및 ether layer fraction이 Zymomonas mobilis의 생육과 알코올 발효에 미치는 영향을 보면 인삼성분 첨가의 발효에서 모든 처리구가 무처리구보다 균체의 생육이 억제되었고, ether layer fraction 0.228％ 첨가구에서 가장 큰 저해현상을 보였다. pH의 변화는 발효초기에 급격하게 저하되고 발효 36시간 이후부터는 완만하게 변하였다. 인삼성분 첨가의 알코올 발효에서 extract 2.0％. crude, soponin 0.075％, ether layer fraction 0.065％ 첨가구에서 알코올이 증산되었고, ether layer fraction 0.228％첨가 발효에서 알코올생성이 현저하게 저해를 받았다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.200-208
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• 1986

It was attempted in this study to investigate the effect of ginseng saponin on several glycolytic enzymes of yeast cell and the following results were obtained. The amount of $CO_2$formed during the incubation of yeast cells in medium containing saponin fraction of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer was greater than that of control cells and found that the $CO_2$ formation was greatest when the cells were grown in the medium containing 10$^{-3}$% of the saponin fraction, at which the uptake of inorganic phosphate and glucose consumption were also increased. Radioactivity study of several glycolytic intermediates of yeast cells cultured in the medium containing [U-$^{14}$C]-glucose showed that the radioactivity of fructose 6-phosphate of test cells was as much as 1.6times that of control group. On the other hand, the radioactivity of pyruvate of test cells was considerably decreased compared to control. Investigation of the effect of ginseng saponin on yeast hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomers, pyruvate kinase and perverted decarboxylase in vitro showed that the maximum activities of the above enzymes were observed when the concentration of ginseng saponin was 10-$^{-5}$% in the reaction mixture. It seemed that the ginseng saponin stimulated both glycolytic enzymes such as hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomers and perverted decarboxylase significantly.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.352-356
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• 1986

합성배치인 Glucose-Salts 배지에서 인삼 saponin과 그 관련 물질이 A~$\psi$ergillusρarasiticus의 Aflatoxin 생성에 미치 는 영힘뼈 대해 검토하였다. 배양시간에 따른 균체 증식은 배양 5 일째 이후가 최대였고 Aflatoxin 생성은 배영 9 일째가 최대였다. 인상 saponin O. 05% 첨가시 율처l 증식과 Aflatoxin 생성이 대조군보다 상당량 감소되었고, 5.0% 첨가시 균체 증식은 대 조눈보다 증가하였으나 Aflatoxin 생성은 매우 감소되었다. S Saponin diol 및 triol의 농도별 첨가시 diol 0.01, 1. 0%와 triol O. 5, 1. 0%가 Aflatoxin 생성 저해에 효과적이였다. S Saponin fraction 첨 가시 fraction 1이 Aflatoxin 생성 저해에 가장 효과적 이 었고 fraction 2, 4, 6도 상당한 효과가 있었다. 핵산 관련 물질 첨 가시 Adenine, denosine, Guanosine, Caffeine, Cytosine 및 Xanthosine 첨 가꾼 오우 대조군에 비 해 Aflatoxin 생성 저해에 효과적이었으며, affeine의 경우 균체내에서만 Aflatoxin을 검출할 수 있었다. Saponin 5. 0% 챙까시 Aflatoxin 생성이 매우 저해된 반면 total lipid의 %뇨은 대조군의 10애, 균체 증식은 약 2 배 이상 증가되였다.