• Toxicological Research
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.251-258
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• 1996

Panax ginseng has been used for various diseases including hepatic disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of ethanol extract and saponin of Panax ginseng in thioacetamide-intoxicated rats and to compare with silymarin, a known hepatoprotective agent. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given single intragastric administration of thioacetamide. Aqueous solutions of ethanol extract and saponin of Panax ginseng with or without silymarin were administered intragastrically daily for six days from four days before until one day after thioacetamide administration. At the end of the treatment, the rats were fasted overnight and sacrificed. As a result, thioacetamide caused significant increase in serum levels of AST, ALT, 5'-nucleotidase and bilirubin. Thioacetamide increased $Ca^++$ content but decreased protein content in liver tissue. These thioacetamide-induced biochemical changes were prevented both by ethanol extract of ginseng and silymarin, but not by ginseng saponin. Silymarin did not potentlate the effect of either ethanol extract or saponin of ginseng on these parameters. Thioacetamide-induced confluent necrosis was not protected by the test drugs. In conclusion, ethanol extract of ginseng protects the liver possibly by stabilizing the cell membrane and by inhibiting thioacetamide-induced $Ca^++$ increase in the hepatocytes, which was comparable to that of silymarin.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 1984

In order to shorten the extraction time of saponin in ginseng products, election with Extrelut column and phase-separation methods were compared. The results obtained are as follows. 1. Saponin of ginseng products was extracted completely within 3 hours by election method with Extrelut column, and the rate of removing glucose by the column was increased with increasing glucose content in ginseng products. 2. Stirring method was superior to refluxing method for removing sugars from ginseng products, and removing rate was deceased in the order of lactose, sucrose and glucose. 3. Extraction rate of ginsenoside from ginseng extracts by the elution method was nearly same as that of phase-separation method; however, the former was much higher than the latter in the case of ginseng teas. Therefore, the elution by Extrelut column is to be improper for extraction of saponin in ginseng tea which contains much sugar. It was necessary to remove lipophilic compounds for extraction of saponin from ginseng extracts by elution with Extrelut column.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.287-293
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• 2009

본 연구는 홍삼 추출기를 이용하여 기능별 사포닌의 함량 및 품질의 최적화 조건을 설정하기 위하여 실시하였다. 홍삼 추출액의 총 사포닌 함량은 $75^{\circ}C$에서 18시간 추출한 용액이 64.6 mg / 100 ml로 최고 함량을 나타냈고 추출 온도와 시간이 증가할수록 감소하였다. $Rb_2$와 Re 함량은 $75^{\circ}C$에서는 12시간 추출한 홍삼액이 11.8 mg / 100 ml로 가장 많았고 추출시간과 추출온도가 증가할수록 급격히 감소하였다. Prosapogenin 함량은 $85^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 추출한 홍삼액이 34.9 mg / 100 ml로 가장 많았고, $75^{\circ}C$와 $85^{\circ}C$에서는 추출 시간이 길어짐에 따라 증가하는 경향이었으나 $95^{\circ}C$에서는 감소하는 경향이었다. 홍삼 추출액의 총 당은 $95^{\circ}C$에서 추출시간을 길게 할수록 함량이 증가하였고, 당도는 $95^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 추출한 용액이 4.0%로 가장 높았다. 탁도는 $95^{\circ}C$에서 추출시간이 길수록 증가하였으며, pH 및 Hue 값은 추출시간이 길어질수록 낮아졌다. 따라서 홍삼추출액을 제조할 때 1차 추출에서는 온도를 낮게하여 사포닌의 함량을 높이고, 2차 추출에서는 온도를 높게하여 맛을 증진시켜 혼합하는 방법이 좋을 것으로 생각된다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.513-518
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of yield, total phenolics, saponin content and composition, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of various fractions of fine ginseng root (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) by maceration method in the order of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water). Butanol fraction showed the highest total saponin content compare to other fractions. Hexane fraction could harvest significantly high ginsenoside Rg2, Rg1, and Rf (p<0.05). And the contents of ginsenoside Rh1, Rg3, and Rg1 showed relatively higher in the fraction of ethyl acetate than other fractions. The system of hexane-chloroform-ethyl aceate-butanol showed relatively high content of ginsenoside Re, Rd, Rc, Rb3, and Rb1. However, the last fraction of water still remained lots of Rb2 content. The fraction of water was the highest phenolics. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazil, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of water fraction was higher than the other fractions. In antimicrobial activity, the fraction of hexane showed relatively high antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli. And the fractions of the chloroform and ethyl acetate showed higher antimicrobial activities than the other samples in against P. aeruginosa and S. typhimurium.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제67권4호
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• pp.296-304
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• 2022

최근 건강에 관한 관심이 증대됨에 따라 자연식품을 선호하는 쪽으로 변화하고 있는데, 우리나라에서 자생하고 있는 약용작물은 지역 토질과 기후에 따라 독특한 약효를 지니고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 도라지뿌리 재배에 관한 기초적인 연구 자료로 활용하여 도라지뿌리의 약효 성분을 극대화하고자 토성에 따른 도라지뿌리의 생육 및 사포닌 함량을 조사하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 재배 토성별 도라지뿌리의 생육조사에서는 지상부는 양질사토 > 사양토 > 배합토 > 마사토 순이었고, 지하부는 양질사토 > 배합토 > 사양토 > 마사토 순이었다. 2. 일반성분은 평균적으로 수분은 77.3%, 조지방은 2.6%, 조회분은 3.2%, 조단백질은 6.0%, 탄수화물은 10.9%의 함량을 보였다. 3. 도라지뿌리의 사포닌 분석 결과 platycodin D > platycodin D₃ > polygalacin D > deapioplatycodin D 순이었고, 각 각 282.4, 104.7, 29.1, 19.1 mg/100g으로 나타났다. 재배 토성별 결과는 platycodin D, polygalacin D, deapioplatycodin D는 배합토와 사양토에서 높았고, platycodin D₃는 모든 토양에서 유사한 함량을 보였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.46-50
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• 2000

본 연구는 갱년기 장애에 대한 홍삼의 효과를 조사할 목적으로 수행하였다. 홍삼의 효과는 자성 흰쥐의 난소를 인위적으로 절제하여 갱년기 장애를 유도한 후 홍삼조사포닌을 3 개월동안 복강으로 투여하여 그 효과를 살펴보았다. 혈소판수는 난소절제 유무에 관계없이 사포닌 투여군에서 약간 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 난소절제군의 혈중중성지질함량은 99.9 mg/㎗로서 정상대조군의 152.1 mg/㎗에 비해 현저히 감소하나 (34%) 홍삼조사포닌을 투여하면 그 함량이 138.0 mg/㎗으로 그 함량감소를 다소 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 장기무게는 난소절제군/비절제군, 사포닌투여군/비투여군 간에 큰 차이가 관찰되지 않았으나 비장(spleen)의경우 사포닌 투여군에서 유의적인 무게증가가 관찰되었다. 흰쥐에 있어 대퇴골의 무게는 건조 전·후 각각 1.57 및 1.l0g이었고 난소절제군의 경우 1.40및 1.02g으로 난소절제에 의해 약 8∼1l%의 무게감소가 관찰되었다. 난소를 절제하고 사포닌을 투여한 실험군(OS)의 대퇴골 무게는 건조 전·후 각각 1.63및 1.11g으로 모두 정상대조군과 동등한 수준으로 회복되어 홍삼조사포닌 투여는 난소절제로 야기되는 대퇴골의 무게감소를 유의하게 억제하는 것으로 사료된다(p<0.05, p<0.01).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.371-375
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• 2015

Background: The current typical drying methods for red ginseng are sun drying and hot-air drying. The purpose of this study was to investigate drying characteristics of red ginseng by using far-infrared drying. Methods: The far-infrared drying tests on red ginseng were conducted at two drying stages: (1) high temperature for 24 h drying and (2) low temperature drying until the final moisture content was $13{\pm}0.5%$ (wet basis). The high temperature drying stage included three drying chamber temperature conditions of $60^{\circ}C$, $65^{\circ}C$, and $70^{\circ}C$. The low temperature drying stage was conducted at temperatures of $45^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$. Drying characteristics were analyzed based on factors such as drying rate, color changes, energy consumption, and saponin content. The results were compared with those of the hot-air and sun drying methods. Results: The results revealed that increases in drying temperature caused a decrease in drying time and energy consumption for far-infrared drying. The saponin content decreased under all drying conditions after drying, the highest value (11.34 mg/g) was observed at drying conditions of $60{\sim}50^{\circ}C$. The sun drying condition showed the lowest color difference value when compared with far-infrared and hot-air drying. Conclusion: The far-infrared drying showed a faster drying rate, higher saponin content, lower color difference value, and a decrease in energy consumption than seen in hot-air drying.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.338-342
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• 2004

This study was performed to measure the antioxidant effects of red ginseng extracts which antioxidation had been promoted through enzyme hydrolysis. In order to observe their tumor-suppressing effects, an anti-cancer medicine and Saponin-SOD, which was a highly antioxidant beverage made from red ginseng saponin adding SOD-like rice (with embryo buds) extracts, were administered to nude mice with large intestine cancer induced. There was a significant increase in the content of phenolic compounds as the enzyme was added. The red ginseng extracts showed a high electron-donating ability with the passage of time. The electron-donating ability was particularly high in the enzyme-treated red ginseng extract, and also observed as high in Saponin-SOD. The lipid-peroxide generation was inhibited depending on the concentration of Saponin-SOD added; the addition of 0.625% Saponin-SOD served to decrease the inhibition level up to 65% compared with the case of no addition (100%). As a result, it could be assumed that Saponin-SOD would strongly inhibit the oxidation of ghost membrane. After the cancer was induced in nude mice through the injection of SNUC-4 cell, there was a significant inhibition in the growth of tumors in nude mice into which Saponin-SOD were injected; the growth of tumors was gradually decreasing with the passage of time after the cancer induction. In particular, when Saponin-SOD was administered together with an anti-cancer medicine, the synergic effect was observed. In conclusion, Saponin-SOD, when used with an anti-cancer medicine, is expected to reduce the amount of free radical and lipid peroxide, which are known to cause harmful effects occurring from the internal application of medicine.

• 한국전통의학지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2006

To study on antioxidant effects in the liver of 40-week-old mouse, the sample were orally pretreated 5mg/kg/day for 5 days with red ginseng saponin components(total saponin, protopanaxadiol saponin, protopanaxatriol saponin, ginsenoside-Rd, ginsenoside-Re, compound-K) for 5 days. The ability of saponin to protect the mouse liver from oxidative damage was examined by determining the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GPx) and the contents of glutathione, the level of malondialdehyde, The only protopanaxadiol among the ginseng saponin fractions was significantly increased the hepatic SOD activity(p<0.01). The red ginseng saponin induced a slight increase of GPx activity, especially ginsenoside Rd, compound K and protopanaxatriol treatments significantly increased its activity. The content of glutathione was significantly increased by total saponin, protopanaxadiol and ginsenoside Rd(p<0.01), but the oxidized glutathione level was lowered in all the red ginseng saponin. Finally, the level of malondialdehyde was significantly decreased by ginsenoside Rd and protopanaxadiol. In conclusion, protopanaxadiol and ginsenoside Rd among the saponin fraction were especially increased in the activity of hepatic antioxidative enzyme and decreased the lipid peroxidation that was expressed in term of MDA formation. This comprehensive antioxidant effects of red ginseng saponin seems to be by a certain action of saponin other than a direct antioxidant action.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2005년도 생물공학의 동향(XVII)
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• pp.417-420
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• 2005

Plants generally produce secondary metabolites in nature as a defense mechanism against pathogenic and insect attack. In this study, we applied several abiotic elicitors in order to enhance growth and ginseng saponin biosynthesis in the hairy roots of P. ginseng. Generally, elicitor treatments were found to inhibit the growth of the hairy roots, although simultaneously enhancing ginseng saponin biosynthesis. The addition of selenium at inoculum time did not significantly affect ginseng saponin biosynthesis. However, when 0.5 mM selenium was added as an elicitor after 21 days of culture, ginseng saponin content and productivity increased to about 1.31 and 1.33 times control levels, respectively. These results suggest that processing time for the generation of ginseng saponin in a hairy root culture can be reduced via the application of an elicitor.