• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.125-134
• /
• 2015

Background: Black ginseng (Ginseng Radix nigra, BG) refers to the ginseng steamed for nine times and fine roots (hairy roots) of that is called fine black ginseng (FBG). It is known that the content of saponin of FBG is higher than that of BG. Therefore, in this study, we examined antitumor effects against MCF-7 breast cancer cells to target the FBG extract and its main component, ginsenoside Rg5 (Rg5). Methods: Action mechanism was determined by MTT assay, cell cycle assay and western blot analysis. Results: The results from MTT assay showed that MCF-7 cell proliferation was inhibited by Rg5 treatment for 24, 48 and 72 h in a dose-dependent manner. Rg5 at different concentrations (0, 25, 50 and $100{\mu}M$), induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase through regulation of cell cycle-related proteins in MCF-7 cells. As shown in the results from western blot analysis, Rg5 increased expression of p53, $p21^{WAF1/CIP1}$ and $p15^{INK4B}$ and decreased expression of Cyclin D1, Cyclin E2 and CDK4. Expression of apoptosiserelated proteins including Bax, PARP and Cytochrome c was also regulated by Rg5. These results indicate that Rg5 stimulated cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase via regulation of cell cycle-associated proteins in MCF-7 cells. Conclusion: Rg5 promotes breast cancer cell apoptosis in a multi-path manner with higher potency compared to 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) in MCF-7 (HER2/ER+) and MDA-MB-453 (HER2+/ER) human breast cancer cell lines, and this suggests that Rg5 might be an effective natural new material in improving breast cancer.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.350-361
• /
• 2020

Background: Black ginseng (BG) is a type of Korean ginseng prepared by steaming and drying raw ginseng to improve the saponin content. This study examined the effects of BG on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in HepG2 cells and diet-induced obese mice. Methods: HepG2 cells were treated with free fatty acids to induce lipid accumulation before supplementation with BG. NAFLD-induced mice were fed different doses (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) of BG for 8 weeks. Results: BG significantly reduced lipid accumulation and expression of lipogenic genes, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, and fatty acid synthase in HepG2 cells, and the livers of mice fed a 45% high-fat diet with 10% fructose in the drinking water (HFHF diet). BG supplementation caused a significant reduction in levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, while antioxidant enzymes activities were significantly increased in 45% high-fat diet with 10% fructose in the drinking water diet-fed mice. Expression of proliferator-activated receptor alpha and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I were upregulated at the transcription and translation levels in both HepG2 cells and diet-induced obese mice. Furthermore, BG-induced phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl CoA carboxylase in both models, suggesting its role in AMP-activated protein kinase activation and the acetyl CoA carboxylase signaling pathway. Conclusion: Our results indicate that BG may be a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of NAFLD.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.186-193
• /
• 2016

The whole herbs of solanum nigrum L were extracted in boiling water (SNL-W), and the extracts were separated with butyl alcohol fraction (SNL-W/B) and aqueous fraction (SNL-W/W) by the solvent extraction method. The total alkaloid and total saponin content mensuration were used to identify the alkaloid composition of methanol fraction extracted from the aqueous fraction. The venom of honey bee was used to induce the rat peritoneal mast cell to secreting the histamine. The results show that the water soluble alkaloid composition of solanum nigrum L (SNL-W/W/M) has a significant inhibitory effect on the histamine release.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.74-78
• /
• 2002

To develop a new traditional ginseng liquor by using rice and ginseng, the physicochemical properties and overall acceptability of ginseng liquors made by addition of different concentration (1-8%) of ginseng in some kinds of rice mash were investigated and compared. The Ilpum-4 traditional ginseng liquor which was prepared by adding 4% ginseng into Ilpum rice mash showed the best acceptability in the sensory evaluation test and high ethanol content (15.6%), and its angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity and electron-donating ability were better than those of the other ginseng liquors. The Ilpum-4 traditional ginseng liquor contained 0.53% (w/v) of crude saponin and it was mainly composed of ginsenoside Rg$_1$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.475-482
• /
• 2013

The main active components of Panax ginseng are ginsenosides. Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 are accepted as marker substances for quality control worldwide. The analytical methods currently used to detect these two compounds unfairly penalize steamed and dried (red) P. ginseng preparations, because it has a lower content of those ginsenosides than white ginseng. To manufacture red ginseng products from fresh ginseng, the ginseng roots are exposed to high temperatures for many hours. This heating process converts the naturally occurring ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 into artifact ginsenosides such as ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, and Rh2, among others. This study highlights the absurdity of the current analytical practice by investigating the time-dependent changes in the crude saponin and the major natural and artifact ginsenosides contents during simmering. The results lead us to recommend (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 as new reference materials to complement the current P. ginseng preparation reference materials ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1. An attempt has also been made to establish validated qualitative and quantitative analytical procedures for these four compounds that meet International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, robustness and system suitability. Based on these results, we suggest a validated analytical procedure which conforms to ICH guidelines and equally values the contents of ginsenosides in white and red ginseng preparations.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.135-142
• /
• 2019

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the antimicrobial effect of Platycodon grandiflorum extracts against oral microorganisms. Methods: The anti-microbial activity and minimal inhibitory concentration were measured the agar dilution method. Results: Platycodon grandiflorum extracts grew in the free agar plates all of the oral microorganisms. In the bark-free Platycodon grandiflorum extracts all the oral microorganisms grew in the free agar plates. Growth was inhibited at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Oral microorganisms showed an absence of growth at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Conclusions: It was confirmed that the extracts of Platycodon grandiflorum having a higher saponin content than the bark - free Platycodon grandiflorum extract showed excellent antimicrobial effect.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.61.1-61.16
• /
• 2020

Background: Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are bioactive substances extracted from P. notoginseng that are widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and interstitial diseases. PNS have the functions of scavenging free radicals, anti-inflammation, improving blood supply for tissue and so on. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PNS on the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Using an oxidative stress model of PCV2 infection in a porcine lung cell line (3D4/2 cells) and mice, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total glutathione (T-GSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) were determined to evaluate the regulatory effects of PNS on oxidative stress. Results: PNS treatment significantly reduced the levels of NO and ROS, the content of GSSG and the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS (p < 0.05), while significantly increasing GSH and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in infected 3D4/2 cells (p < 0.05).Similarly, in the in vivo study, PNS treatment significantly decreased the level of ROS in spleen lymphocytes of infected mice (p < 0.05), increased the levels of GSH and T-GSH (p < 0.05), significantly decreased the GSSG level (p < 0.05), and decreased the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS. Conclusions: PNS could regulate the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2020.08a
• /
• pp.75-75
• /
• 2020

Potatoes were first introduced outside the Andes region four centuries ago, and have become an integral part of much of the world's food. Potatoes were first introduced into Europe in the 16th century and Korea in the early 19th century. Potatoes have a short growing season, high production per unit area, relatively strong environmental adaptability, and are cultivated in more than 130 countries around the world. It is the world's fourth-largest crop, following rice, wheat, bean and maize. In the nutritional aspects, potatoes contain abundant vitamins and minerals, as well as an assortment of phytochemicals such as carotenoids and natural phenols. Due to the high content of potato functional compounds, it has known that potatoes are effective in the prevention of various human diseases. In particular, the potato contains a large amount of polar compounds, including the saponin in the polar compounds, and the physiological activity of the saponins, such as immunity enhancement, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory is known. In this study, the antioxidative activity of polar compounds from five potatoes was examined by cell based anti-oxidation assay. The smallest amount of ROS(Reactive oxygen species) was generated when the compound was derived from 'Haryung' and 'hongyoung' and strong SOD(Superoxide dismutase) activity was observed in 'Sumi' and 'Jayoung'. The results of this study reveal the antioxidative effect of polar compounds extracted from various kind of potatoes, which will enable the acquisition of new bioactive candidates and the establishment of new profit generation models for farmers

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.35 no.9
• /
• pp.1245-1250
• /
• 2006

This study was carried out to develop the method of preparing lecithin-fortified ginseng extract. Firstly, soybean lecithin was mixed with soybean oil (LCS) in varying ratio (2.5%, 5%, 10% and 20%). Then, one part volume of LCS was mixed with three parts volume of ginseng extract with 10% solid matter content and the mixture was vortexed vigorously. Finally, the mixture was spinned at the speed of 3,000 rpm for 30 minutes to separate oil and aqueous ginseng extract layer (AG). AG was then subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis of phospholipids and ginsenosides. Fatty acid composition and crude fat content before and after LCS was determined. Stability of lecithin in ginseng extract was determined by analyzing phospholipid content in the one third upper and lower layer of the concentrated AG in Falcon tubes while storing the LCS treated concentrated AG in 4, 25 and 40oC for 6 months. Ratio of lecithin transferred to AG increased with the increase in lecithin content of soybean oil. There was no significant change in fatty acid composition and crude fat content, and ginsenoside content in the ginseng extract before and after LCS treatment. TLC and HPLC pattern of saponin fraction before and after treating the ginseng extract with LCS demonstrated no observable difference. There was no change in lecithin content in the upper and lower one third layer of ginseng extract in the tubes after storing the concentrated AG in 4, 25 and $40^{\circ}C$ for 6 months. Ginsenosides HPLC pattern was not changed when stored the LCS-treated ginseng extract in those conditions for six months, indicating satisfiable stability of the LCS-treated concentrated ginseng extract. From these results, it can be concluded that treatment of the ginseng extract with lecithin containing soybean oil is a labor effective method with satisfiable stability to fortify lecithins to ginseng extract.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.185-195
• /
• 2017

Two byproducts, brewer's spent grain (BSG; germinated rice and malt) and brewer's spent material (BSM; Achyranthes japonica Nakai), were collected during the manufacture of pilsner beer using A. japonica Nakai and germinated rice. Water extracts of BSG and BSM were prepared at different temperatures ($25^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$, and $100^{\circ}C$) for 5 h, and their nutritional and functional properties were investigated. ${\gamma}-Aminobutyric$ acid (GABA), saponin, and niacin contents were higher in extracts prepared at $60^{\circ}C$ for more than 3 h than the other extracts, whereas total polyphenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and reducing power were higher in samples extracted at $100^{\circ}C$ for 1 h compared to the other ones. Overall, water extraction at $60^{\circ}C$ for 3 h was desirable to effectively collect both nutritional and functional components from BSG and BSM. Under these conditions, BSM extracts showed 4~18 times high niacin and folate contents, 1.4 times high total phenolic content, and 11~60 times high antioxidant activities compared to BSG extracts. This study shows that pilsner beer byproducts would be good sources of health beneficial components, especially GABA, saponin, water soluble vitamins, and polyphenolics.