• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2001

The levels of sanitary management procedures in university and industry foodservices, in pusan, were investigated. The questionnaires were administed to ninety three dietitians who managed university (n=21) and industry (n=72) foodservices and then the data were statistically analyzed. When sanitary management procedures were evaluated by 5 scales method of Likers, total mean scores of time-temperature management in the process of meal production, personal hygiene, equipments and facilities hygiene in university and industry foodseryice operations were 3.48, 3.76 and 3.27, repectively. In time-temperature management, the scores for storage, purchasing and receiving, pre-preparation, cooking, assembly and service, and hot or cold holding were 3.77, 3.74, 3.55, 3.54, 3.28, 3.05, respectively, in descending order. The management levels for personal hygiene, equipments and facilities hygiene of foodservices had biger serving scale (over 901) were significnatly higher than those of lower sclaled foodservices(below 900). The scores of foodservices managed by higher aged dietitian(over 31 years) were significantly higher than those of foodservices conducted by lower aged group(below 25 years) in the management procedures of time-temperature, personal hygiene, equipments and facilities hygiene(p<0.05). The dietitian group had the regular sanitary education showed significantly higher scores than irregularly educated group in the management of time-temperature and personal hygiene.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 1990

The Jido Pond system was investigated from April, 1979 through March, 1980, in respect of seasonal changes in physico-chemical factors: i.e., temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, $Cl^-, \; Mg^{++}$, alkalinity, detergent, $SiO_2, PO_4\;^{3-}, NH_4\;^+, NO_2\;^-, NO_3\;^-$, total N, OM and OC; phytoplankton community growth; and the ecosystem metabolism. The phytoplankton community was represented by 23 species belonging to Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta and Cyanophyta; each sharing 11, 9 3 respectively. The Chlorophyceans dominated the phytoplankton community contributing 75% of the total ？미 counts. The ranges of biotic diversity indices were, d, 0.85~2.80; H, 1.10~2.40; c, 0.13~0/40; and 3, 0.56~0.90. The chlorophyll standing crop varied in between 0.043 and 0.385g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ surface area. The ranges of photosynthetic and respiratory rates were 0.36~4.50; and 0.10~1.40 $O_2$ mg/1/hr, respectively. The monthly areal net primary production varied from 23.9 to 305.1C g/$\textrm{m}^2$/month. The Eu of the net production seasonally varied in between 0.31 and 7.80%, and the annual mean was 2.44%. The annual turnover times of phosphorus and nitrogen were 20 and 3 days, respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.186-198
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• 2000

The quality of the management of sanitation in food service establishments (school lunch programs, hospital patient food services, and commercial catering food services) in Korea was reviewed and evaluated, and ten strategies fur future improvement were suggested. They were: (1) An increase of qualified manpower and improvement of the professional training of the staff; (2) Obtaining special facilities exclusively for food service; (3) Improvement of facilities especially the kitchens; (4) Improvement of policy fur procuring raw materials and being assured of their quality by designing some standards and specifications for the raw materials to be purchased; (5) Production and use accurate and reliable kitchen apparatus and instruments; (6) An increase of the laboratory apparatus and instruments for inspection and evaluation of the sanitary level of raw materials and food service environments; (7) Enforced improvement of personal hygiene of the staff; (8) Use of a variety of methods in sanitary education and training; (9) Actively inspect the quality of imported foods; (10) Strengthening the research and accumulation of background data regarding sanitation management. There is a long process from the production of food to eating. The cooking process is the ultimate end of preparation of food before eating. This process sometimes increases the occurrence of food-borne diseases if we mishandle the food, even we obtained safe food. The process can also remove health hazards and reduce the risk from the hazards if we handle the food well although we have unsafe foods. This means the cooking process is a major key to preventing food-borne diseases. The concepts of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) should be applied and practiced in food service establishments in Korea as soon as possible.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.95-110
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• 1992

Much progress has been made in understanding the subcellular events of the human lung injuries after acute exposure to environmental air pollutants. Host of those events represent oxidative damages mediated by reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxy, free radical. Recently, nitric oxide (NO) was found to be endogenously produced by endothelial cells and cells of the reticulo-endothelial system as endothelialderived relaxation factor (EDRF) which is a vasoactive and neurotransmitter substance. Together with superoxide, NO can form another strong oxidant, peroxonitrite. The relative importance of exogenous sources of $N0/N0_2$ and endogenous production of NO by the EDRF producing enzymes in the oxidative stresses to the heman lung has to be elucidated. The exact events leading to chronic irreversible damage are still yet to be known. From chronic exposure to oxidant gases, progressive epithelial and interstitial damages develop. Type I epithelial cells become thicker and cover a smaller average alveolar surface area while thee II cells proliferate instead. Under acute damages, the extent of loss of the alveolar epithelial cell lining, especially type II cells appears to be a good predictor of the ensuing irreversible damage to alveolar compartment. Interstitial matrix undergo remodeling during chronic exposure with increased collagen fibers and interstitial fibroblasts. However, Inany of these changes can be reversed after cessation of exposure. Among chronic lung injuries, genetic damages and repair responses received particular attention in view of the known increased lung cancer risks from exposure to several air pollutants. Heavy metals from foundry emission, automobile traffics, and total suspended particulate, especially polycystic aromatic hydrocarbons have been positively linked with the development of lung cancer. Asbestos in another air pollutant with known risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma, but asbestos fibers are nonauthentic in most bioassays. Studies using the electron spin resonance spin trapping method show that the presence of iron in asbestos accelerates the production of the hydroxy, radical in vitro. Interactions of these reactive oxygen species with particular cellular components and disruption of cell defense mechanisms still await further studies to elucidate the carcinogenic potential of asbestos fibers of different size and chemical composition. The distribution of inhaled pollutants and the magnitude of their eventual effects on the respiratory tract are determined by pollutant-independent physical factors such as anatomy of the respiratory tract and level and pattern of breathing, as well as by pollutant-specific phyco-chemical factors such as the reactivity, solubility, and diffusivity of the foreign gas in mucus, blood and tissue. Many of these individual factors determining dose can be quantified in vitro. However, mathematical models based on these factors should be validated for its integrity by using data from intact human lungs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.89-93
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• 1988

Because the production facilities of the Korean convenient food companies are placed in one space, the final products could be easily contaminated. It is necessary that the work space should be devided into contaminated zone, semisanitary zone and sanitary zone. The layout of the preparation facilities are reconsidered. Requirements for equipment and the facilities criteria be complemented with the air clean unit, and chilling refrigerator for rapid chilling of boiled rice and the cooked dishes for the assurance of the microbiological guality of foods. The equipment and the work space of the model companies which have the area of $99m^2,\;200m^2\;and\;300m^2$ are properly placed and designed in accordance with the regulations of the food sanitation and the architecture. (Packaging Meal Production Facilities).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.174-182
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• 2004

Hygienic standards for pizza specialty restaurant located in Seoul during summer, 2000 were established based on HACCP concept by measuring temperature, time, pH, $A_{w}$ and microbiological assessments of pizza, and evaluation of hygienic conditions of kitchens and workers. Kitchen and worker conditions were average 1.2 and 1.0 (3 point Sly's scale), respectively, Microbial contaminations occurred at $5-60^{\circ}C$, pH above 5.0, and $A_{w}$ (0.93-0.98). Microbial assessments for pizza processing revealed $1.5{\times}10^{2}-3.9{\times}10^{8}\;CFU/g$ of TPC and $0.5{\times}10^{1}-1.6{\times}10^{7}\;CFU/g$ of coliforms, exceeding standards ($TPC\;10^{6}\;CFU/g\;and\;coliform\;10^{3}\;CFU/g$) established by Solberg et al., although significantly decreased after baking. S. aureus was not discovered, but Salmonella was found in onions. Tools and containers such as pizza cutting knife, topping container, serving bowl, pizza plate, working board, and dough kneading board contained $6.2{\times}10^{2}-1.1{\times}10^{9}\;CFU/g$ of TPC, $2.0{\times}10^{1}-6.2{\times}10^{3}\;CFU/g$ of coliforms. Workers' hands contained $3.1{\times}10^{4}\;CFU/g$ of TPC and S. aureus as compared to safety standards of Harrigan and McCance (500 and 10 CFU/g of TPC and coliforms per $100cm^{2}$). CCPs (critical control points) were determined as receiving, topping, and baking according to CCP decision tree analysis. Results suggest purchase of quality materials, careful monitoring of time and temperature, hygienic use of tools and utensils, and sanitary practicer by workers are recommended as control points for safe pizza production.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2010

A Sanitary survey in an Important shellfish-growing area of Biin Bay in Seocheon-gun Korea, was conducted to evaluate bay conditions and compliance with the bacteriological criteria for areas designated for the production of shellfish for export. Seawater samples were collected monthly at 55 sampling stations established in the survey area from January 2006 to December 2008. Bacteriological water quality did not change in response to a small rainfall (10.0 mm), but it increased abruptly in response to rainfall to 62.5 mm The most probable number (MPN) value for total coliforms and fecal coliforms in 1, 980 seawater samples ranged from <1.8 to >1, 600 MPN/100mL and from <1.8 to 330 MPN/100mL, respectively. The geometric mean and estimated $90^{th}$ percentile value for total coliforms ranged from 2.0 to 10.3 MPN/100mL and from 7.0 to 42.6 MPN/100mL respectively. The geometric mean and estimated percentile value for fecal coliforms ranged from 1.8 to 4.0 MPN/100mL and from 1.9 to 18.3 MPN/100mL, respectively. Accordingly, the bacteriological water quality of Biin Bay met the National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP) and Korea Shel1fish Sanitation Program(KSSP) criteria for areas designated for shellfish production for export in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.389-406
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• 2007

This study was conducted to estimate the safety level of non-cooking and cooking processed foods to propose the sanitary management of foods donated to foodbanks. The time and temperature were measured and the microbial levels of aerobic plate counts (APC), coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus, B. cereus, and E. coli O157:H7 were analyzed on ten food items donated to seven foodbanks. The amount of cooked foods donated to each foodbank was about 10 to 40 servings. All foodbanks hired a supervisor and had at least one refrigerator/freezer and one temperature-controlled vehicle, but only four foodbanks had the separate offices to manage the foodbank operation. The flow of donated foods was gone through the steps; production, meal service and holding at donator, collection by foodbank, transport (or holding after transport) and distribution to recipients. After production, the levels of APC of both non-cooking and cooking processed foods were complied with the standards by Ministry of Education & Human Resources Development, and were not increased till distribution. Only the level of coliforms in dried squid & cucumber salad (1.5×$10^3$ CFU/g) was not met the standards. E. coli and other pathogens were not detected in all tested samples. The microbial levels of delivery vessels and work tables were satisfactory, but the APC levels of two of four tested serving tables (6.9×$10^3$ and 5.3×$10^3$ CFU/100$cm^2$) and the coliforms level of one (1.1×$10^3$ CFU/100$cm^2$) were over the standards. The air-borne microflora level in serving room was estimated as satisfactory. It took about 3.0 to 6.5 hours from after-production to distribution and the temperatures of donated foods were exposed mostly to temperature danger zone, which had a high potential of microbial growth. These results imply that a checklist to monitor time and temperature in each step should be provided and the employees involving foodbank operation should be properly educated to ensure the safety of donated foods.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.264-276
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to propose HACCP system implementation properly and to secure the food safety of school foodservices in Pohang city since the proper facilities and equipment should be key factors in food safety and production. So this study was designed to evaluate existing equipment in food production area, receiving and dining area, and employee facilities. Questionnaire was mailed to 107 school foodservice dietitians in Pohang area and 97 were responded (90.7% response rate). Approximately sixty percent of foodservices were not available separate receiving or polluted area, fifty one percent were installed screen door for insecticidal and temperature and humidity control, and these environmental conditions were hard to keep kitchen dry and sanitary condition. Usually public schools were better equipped than private schools. Forty three percent of school foodservice had initial use of non-foodservice, opened before 1994, and thirty three percent of elementary school foodservice. Among employee facilities, hand washing sanitation stand was prepared seventy nine percent (78.9%) of school foodservices. Dietitians chose outworn equipment and facilities (30.9%), difficulties of maintaining standard temperature and humidity for foodservice (20.6%), lacking separate receiving or polluted area (13.4%), indirect contamination of water hoss (10.3%), and lacking employee facilities (10.3%) as critical points to correct in school foodservice. Therefore governmental regulating agencies must review and approval of plans prior to new construction or extensive remodeling of school foodservice facilities. In addition to these requirement, plan must be set-up step by step to implement HACCP system properly.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.317-342
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current state of foodservice and clinical nutrition management in a hospital-based nutrition department. Nutritional guidelines and survey reports of hospital evaluation programs from 2004 to 2009 were analyzed. In total, 275 hospitals in the first period and 288 hospitals in the second period were evaluated. The division of knife and chopping board use decreased from 97.2% in 2005 to 89.7% in 2008, the maintenance of a proper freezer temperature (below $-18^{\circ}C$) increased from 82.1% in 2004 to 97.7% in 2007 (88.9% to 97.4% from large hospitals and 69.8% to 86.5% from small/medium hospitals in 2005 and 2008, respectively). In tube-feeding management, the performance rate of material cold storage and the offer rate of tube-feeding were 65.9% and 94.2% in 2007, respectively. The cold storage of material, proper use within 24 hours after opening or production, and the use of an appropriate label were 47.3%, 71.2% and 67.2% in 2009, respectively. The rate of a management system for undernourished patients was 86.0% in 2007 (56.4% for large hospitals, 18.9% for small/medium hospitals) and 14.3% in 2009. In standards of nutrition support management, the performance rates of constructing a nutrition support team, the nutrition support team activity, and organizing multidisciplinary team were 66.7%, 43.6%, and 64.1% respectively, in 2004. For large hospitals, those rates were 61.1%, 36.1%, and 58.3%, in 2005, 93.0%, 62.8%, and 91.9% in 2007, and 69.2%, 43.6%, and 69.2% in 2008, respectively. The results of this study suggest standards on sanitary foodservice preparation, production, and tube-feeding production need to correspond with HACCP regulations for small/meidium hospitals in standards of a healthcare accreditation system. It will be necessary to understand the operating conditions of nutrition departments in convalescent hospitals, psychiatric hospitals, and geriatrics hospitals. As the application of accreditation is required from 2013, standards will need to be improved and continuously updated for healthcare accreditation.