• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.101-112
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• 2018

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various surface treatments (ST) on the shear bond strength of resin composite to three bilayer dental ceramics made by CAD/CAM and two veneering ceramics. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Three different bilayer dental ceramics and two different veneering ceramics were used (Group A: IPS e.max CAD+IPS e.max Ceram; Group B: IPS e.max ZirCAD+IPS e.max Ceram, Group C: Vita Suprinity+Vita VM11; Group D: IPS e.max Ceram; Group E: Vita VM11). All groups were divided into eight subgroups according to the ST. Then, all test specimens were repaired with a nano hybrid resin composite. Half of the test specimens were subjected to thermocycling procedure and the other half was stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$. Shear bond strength tests for all test specimens were carried out with a universal testing machine. RESULTS. There were statistically significant differences among the tested surface treatments within the all tested fracture types (P<.005). HF etching showed higher bond strength values in Groups A, C, D, and E than the other tested ST. However, bonding durability of all the surface-treated groups were similar after thermocycling (P>.00125). CONCLUSION. This study revealed that HF etching for glass ceramics and sandblasting for zirconia ceramics were adequate for repair of all ceramic restorations. The effect of ceramic type exposed on the fracture area was not significant on the repair bond strength of resin composites to different ceramic types.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2017

PURPOSE. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of surface treatments on microtensile bond strengths (MTBSs) of two types of indirect resin composites bonded to a conventional direct resin composite. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Indirect resin composite blocks of Ceramage and SR Nexco were prepared in a plastic mold having a dimension of $10{\times}10{\times}4\;mm$. These composite blocks were divided into three groups according to their surface treatments: Group1: Sandblast (SB); Group2: Sandblast and ultrasonically clean (SB+UL); Group3: Sandblast plus silane (SB+SI). After bonding with direct resin composite, indirect-direct resin composite blocks were kept in distilled water for 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ and cut into microbars with the dimension of $1{\times}1{\times}8\;mm$. Microbar specimens (n = 40 per group) were loaded using a universal testing machine. Failure modes and compositions were evaluated by SEM. The statistical analyses of MTBS were performed by two-way ANOVA and Dunnett's test at ${\alpha}=.05$. RESULTS. Surface treatments and brands had effects on the MTBS without an interaction between these two factors. For SR Nexco, the MTBSs of SB and SB+SI group were significantly higher than that of SB+UL. For Ceramage, the MTBSs of SB and SB+SI were significantly higher than that of SB+UL. The mean MTBS of the Ceramage specimens was significantly higher than that of SR Nexco for all surface treatments. CONCLUSION. Sandblasting with or without silane application could improve the bond strengths of repaired indirect resin composites to a conventional direct resin composite.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.57-65
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• 2003

In this study, we carry out reliability tests and investigate the failure mechanisms of the anodically bonded wafer level vacuum packaging (WLVP) MEMS gyroscope sensor. There are three failure mechanisms of WLVP: leakage, permeation and out-gassing. The leakage is caused by small dimension of the leak channel through the bonding interface and internal defects. The larger bonding width and the use of single crystalline silicon can reduce the leak rate. Silicon and glass wafer itself generates a large amount of outgassing including $H_2O$, $C_3H_5$, $CO_2$, and organic gases. Epi-poly wafer generates 10 times larger amount of outgassing than SOI wafer. The sandblasting process in the glass increases outgassing substantially. Outgassing can be minimized by pre-baking of the wafer in the vacuum oven before bonding process. An optimum pre-baking temperature of the wafers would be between $400^{\circ}C$ and $500^{\circ}C$.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.257-264
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• 2017

PURPOSE. To evaluate the adhesion to CAD/CAM feldspathic blocks by failure analysis and shear bond strength test (SBSt) of different restorative systems and different surface treatments, for purpose of moderate chipping repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A self-adhering flowable composite (Vertise Flow, Kerr) containing bi-functional phosphate monomers and a conventional flowable resin composite (Premise Flow, Kerr) applied with and without adhesive system (Optibond Solo Plus, Kerr) were combined with three different surface treatments (Hydrofluoric Acid Etching, Sandblasting, combination of both) for repairing feldspathic ceramics. Two commercial systems for ceramic repairing were tested as controls (Porcelain Repair Kit, Ultradent, and CoJet System, 3M). SBSt was performed and failure mode was evaluated using a digital microscope. A One-Way ANOVA (Tukey test for post hoc) was applied to the SBSt data and the Fisher's Exact Test was applied to the failure analysis data. RESULTS. The use of resin systems containing bi-functional phosphate monomers combined with hydrofluoric acid etching of the ceramic surface gave the highest values in terms of bond strength and of more favorable failure modalities. CONCLUSION. The simplified repairing method based on self-adhering flowable resin combined with the use of hydrofluoric acid etching showed high bond strength values and a favorable failure mode. Repairing of ceramic chipping with a self-adhering flowable resin associated with hydrofluoric acid etching showed high bond strength with a less time consuming and technique-sensitive procedure compared to standard procedure.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.443-454
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• 2006

Purpose: This study aims to get the fundamental data which is necessary to the development direction of implant surface treatment hereafter, based on the understanding the surface structure and properties of titanium which is suitable for the absorption of initial tissue fluid by researching effects of additional surface treatments fir sandblasted with large git and acid-etched(SLA) titanium on surface micro-roughness, static wettability, fibronectin adsorption Materials and Method: In the Control groups, the commercial pure titanium disks which is 10mm in diameter and 2mm in thickness were treated with HCI after sandblasting with 50$\mu$m $Al_2O_3$. The experiment groups were made an experiment each by being treated with 1) 22.5% nitric acid according to SLA+ASTM F86 protocol, 2) SLA+30% peroxide, 3) SLA+NaOH, 4) SLA+ Oxalic acid, and 5) SLA+600$^{\circ}C$ heating. In each group, the value of Ra and RMS which are the gauges of surface roughness was measured, surface wettability was measured by analyzing with Sessile drop method, and fibronectin adsorption was measured with immunological assay. The significance of each group was verified by (SPSS, ver.10.0 SPSS Inc.) Kruskal-Wallis Test. (α=0.05) And the correlation significance between Surface micro-roughness and surface wettability. surface roughness and fibronectin adsorption, and surface wettability and fibronectin adsorption was tested by Spearman's correlation analysis. Result: All measure groups showed the significant differences in surface micro-roughness, surface wettability, and fibronectin adsorption. (p<0.05) There was no significance in correlation among the surface micro-roughness, surface wettability, and fibronectin adsorption. (p>0.05) Conclusion: Surface micro-roughness and surface wettability rarely affected the absorption of initial tissue fluid on the surface of titanium.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.239-248
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• 2002

이 연구의 목적은 와동의 형태가 굴곡강도와 탄성계수 등 복합레진의 물리적 성질에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것이다. 복합레진은 Clearfil$^{TM}$ AP-X(Kuraray, Japan)와 Esthet-X$^{TM}$(Dentsply, USA)가 이용되었으며, 상아질 접착제는 Clearfil$^{TM}$ SE Bond(Kuraray, Japan)와 Prime & Bond NT$^{TM}$(Dentsply, USA)를 사용하였다. 대조군의 시편은 split steel mold(25mm$\times$2mm$\times$2mm) 내에 상기 2종류의 복합레진을 충전하여 2개의 대조군 시편을 제작하였으며, 2.4 및 3.4의 C-factor를 부여하기 위한 유리 모형와동을 제작하고, 와동 내에 상기 2종류의 복합레진을 충전하기 전 유리와동의 내면은 sandblasting 처리하고 각각의 복합레진과 동일회사 제품의 상기 상아질 접착제로 처리한 후, 복합 레진을 각각 충전하여 4개의 실험군을 제작하였다. 제작된 실험군 시편은 저속 diamond saw로 충전된 복합레진 부위의 중심부를 통과하도록 절단하여 레진기둥(25mm$\times$2mm$\times$2mm)이 되도록 제작하였다. 제작된 시편을 37$^{\circ}C$의 증류수에 24시간 동안 보관 후, 만능시험기(EZ Test, Shimadzu, Japan)를 이용하여 분당 1mm의 crosshead speed로 3점 굴곡강도를 측정하였다. 또 Linometer(R&B, Korea)를 이용하여 복합레진의 중합수축량을 측정하였으며 굴곡강도측정 후 시편의 파단면은 주사전자현미경(S-2300, Hitachi, Japan)을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 실험결과의 통계분석은 95% 수준의 one-way ANOVA/Tukey's test를 이용하여 결과를 얻었다. 실험에 이용된 2종류 복합레진의 굴곡강도와 탄성계수는 C-factor치 증가에 따라 감소하였으며, 파단면 또한 C-factor의 증가에 따라 더 불규칙해지는 양상을 나타내었다. 본 실험의 결과 hybrid형 복합레진이 micro-hybrid형 복합레진에 비해 C-factor의 영향을 더 많이 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 와동의 C-factor증가가 굴곡강도나 탄성계수와 같은 복합레진의 물리적 성질을 저하시킨다는 것을 의미하였다.

• Advanced Composite Materials
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.277-299
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• 2008

High quality and expedient processing repair methods are necessary to enhance the service life of bridge structures. Deterioration of concrete can occur as a result of structural cracks, corrosion of reinforcement, and freeze.thaw cycles. Cost effective methods with potential for field implementation are necessary to address the issue of the vulnerability of bridge structures and how to repair them. Most infrastructure related applications of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs) use traditional hand lay-up technology. The hand lay-up is tedious, labor-intensive and relies upon personnel skill level. An alternative to traditional hand lay-up of FRP for infrastructure applications is Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM). VARTM uses single sided molding technology to infuse resin over fabrics wrapping large structures, such as bridge girders and columns. There is no work currently available in understanding the interface developed, when VARTM processing is adopted to wrap fibers such as carbon and/or glass over concrete structures. This paper investigates the interface formed by carbon fiber processed on to a concrete surface using the VARTM technique. Various surface treatments, including sandblasting, were performed to study the pull-off tensile test to find a potential prepared surface. A single-lap shear test was used to study the bond strength of CFRP fabric/epoxy composite adhered to concrete. Carbon fiber wraps incorporating Sikadur HEX 103C and low viscosity epoxy resin Sikadur 300 were considered in VARTM processing of concrete specimens.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.68-74
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• 2009

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM. When veneering composite resin-metal restoration is prepared, the fact that bond strength between Ti and composite resin is relatively weak should be considered. PURPOSE. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the shear bond strength between the veneering composite resin and commercial pure (CP) Ti / Ti-6Al-4V alloy according to the method of surface treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The disks were cast by two types of metal. Their surfaces were treated by sandblasting, metal conditioner, TiN coating and silicoating respectively. After surface treatment, the disks were veneered by composite resin (Tescera$^{TM}$, Bisco, USA) which is 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness. The specimens were stored in water at $25^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours, and then evaluated for their shear bond strength by universal testing machine (STM-$5^{(R)}$, United Calibration, USA). These values were statistically analyzed. RESULTS. 1. All methods of surface treatment were used in this study satisfied the requirements of ISO 10477 which is the standard of polymer-based crown and bridge materials. 2. The metal conditioner treated group showed the highest value in shear bond strength of CP Ti, silicoated group, TiN coated group, sandblasted group, in following order. 3. The silicoated group showed the highest value in shear bond strength of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, metal conditioner treated group, sandblasted group, TiN coated group, in following order. CONCLUSION. Within the limitations of this study, all methods of surface treatment used in this study are clinically available.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.241-248
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• 2020

The change of the deposition behavior of diamond through a pretreatment process of the base metal prior to diamond deposition using HFCVD was investigated. To improve the specific surface area of the base material, sanding was performed using sandblasting first, and chemical etching treatment was performed to further improve the uniform specific surface area. Chemical etching was performed by immersing the base material in HCl solutions with various etching time. Thereafter, seeding was performed by immersing the sanded and etched base material in a diamond seeding solution. Diamond deposition according to all pretreatment conditions was performed under the same conditions. Methane was used as the carbon source and hydrogen was used as the reaction gas. The most optimal conditions were found by analyzing the improvement of the specific surface area and uniformity, and the optimal diamond seeding solution concentration and immersion time were also obtained for the diamond particle seeding method. As a result, the sandblasted base material was immersed in 20% HCl for 60 minutes at 100 ℃ and chemically etched, and then immersed in a diamond seeding solution of 5 g/L and seeded using ultrasonic waves for 30 minutes. It was possible to obtain optimized economical diamond film growth rates.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.64-72
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• 1994

Zinc Phosphate Cement hand been used for about more than 100 years in luting of cast gold inlay. But many scientists had been trying to develop the new form of luting agent because the ZPC hand shown the lack of adhesiveness on the tooth structure and the toxicity to the pulp tissue. Recently many researches about the surface treatment of the cast body are being done to increase the adhesion of cement to it. The conventional Class I gold inlays were fabricated in the 20 permanent molars. After the internal surface of the cast body was sandblasted with $Al_2O_3$ particles and was tin-plated, the inlays were cemented with adhesive cement [G I cement and resin cement(Super-Bond & $Panavia_{EX}$)] and the evaluation on the adhesion pattern, adhesive strength and the fracture pattern of the adhesive cast gold inlay was compared to that of the cast gold inlay cemented conventionally with ZPC. The results were as follows : 1. The surface roughness of the cast body was increased significantly after sandblasting with the $Al_2O_3$ particles and the tin oxide layer, which was consisted of round particles, came into being. 2. The bond strength was in the order of Super-Bond, ZPC, Fuji I, $Panavia_{EX}$ group. The group cemented with Super-Bond showed statistically greater strength than the other groups(p<0.05). 3. The group cemented with ZPC was fallen apart by principal adhesion failure and that with Fuji I was by complete adhesion failure. But the group with Super-Bond showed pricncipal cohesive failure pattern and in the group with $Panavia_{EX}$, complete cohesive fracture pattern was shown and small protion of tooth structure was fractured out with cast body and the fractured surface showed the figure just as the enamel prism. 4. Various gaps were shown at the pulpal side regardless of little gap at the side walls of the cavity in all groups. Only the Super-Bond was attached to the tooth structure and the other cements were detached from both the tooth and the cast body.