• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.205-214
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• 2023

Soil salinity is becoming one of the most devastating environmental hazards over the years. Soil investigation involves fast, low cost and non disturbing methods to measure soil characteristics for both construction projects as well as for agricultural use. The electrical resistivity of saline soils is greatly governed by salt concentration and the presence of moisture in soil matrix. Experimental results of this investigation highlight that there is a significant relationship between the electrical resistivity of soil samples mixed with chloride solutions (NaCl, KCl, and MgCl₂) at various concentrations, and soil physical properties. Correlations represented by quadratic functions were obtained between electrical resistivity and soil characteristics, namely, water content, degree of saturation and salt concentration. This research reveals that the obtained correlations between electrical resistivity, salt concentration, water content and degree of saturation are effective for predicting the characteristics of salt affected soils in practice, which constitute a governing element in the assessment of saline lands sustaining infrastructure.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.12-18
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• 2015

Austenitic stainless steels generally experience the occurrence of chromium-depleted zones at the boundaries, known as sensitization, caused by the carbide precipitation that takes place due to a welding process or heat treatment. Normally, the depleted zones become the focus of the intense corrosion. In this study, the Cr-free organic/inorganic hybrid solution was developed, and the artificially degraded STS316S and STS347H with the solution-coating investigated the corrosion resistance by salt spray test. Both the OIBD-1 and OIBD-2 solutions improved the corrosion resistance of STS310S and STS347H. The corrosion resistance with the OIBD-1 solution was better than that of OIBD-2 solution. Additionally, Both solutions have been proven excellence in adhesion ability, boiling water resistance and flexibility. However, a problem of rubbing after the boiling was found out to be overcome.

• 청정기술
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.153-164
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• 2005

This study found a reliable evaluation for four kinds of pb-Free plating solutions and it's layers, through pure Sn, SnAg, SnBi and SnCu. These four kind of solutions are widely used to pb-Free plating. Hull-cell, Harring-blum, coverage, throwing power, current efficiency, stability, life-time, composition, hardness, roughness, abrasion, scratch, solderability, corrosion, contact angle, morphology, SIR(Surface insulation resistance) and Whisker test were experimented. Also, Using ICP, XRF, FE-SEM, EDS, temperature/humidity chamber, solderability tester, hardness tester, roughness tester, abrasion tester, salt spray tester, contact angle tester, SIR tester, and microscope. In this paper could be shown the systematic and various analysis for reliability about four kinds of pb-Free plating solutions, processes and it's deposit surface.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.210-215
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• 2003

오늘날 우리의 김치제조는 가정 내 소규모 제조보다는 산업화, 공장화 제품으로 변화되어 가는 추세이다. 현장에서 도움이 되면서도 질적으로 우수한 김치 제조를 위한 가장 기초라 할 수 있는 절임 공정은 무시 될 수 없는 부문이기에 본 실험에서도 배추 절임 시 가장 중요한 염 용액의 농도와 절임 시 온도변화 절임 시간을 달리해 절임 배추의 조직감에 대한 기초자료 확립에 목적을 두었다. 최적염도 2.8 도달점과 조직감을 살펴볼 때 10% 염용액 $25^{\circ}C$ 10시간째, 15%염용액 $25^{\circ}C$ 6-8시간대에서 가장 빨리 도달한다. 조직감은 10-15% 염용액에서 6-10 시간대에서 우수한 질감으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 온도가 올라갈수록 적정 염농도인 2.80에 도달하는 시간이 각 시료마다 다르고 조직감에서는 질긴 조직감보다는 신선하고 청량감을 줄 수 있는 조직감을 보이는 시료가 10% 염용액, $25^{\circ}C$, 10시간째, 15%, $25^{\circ}C$, 6-8 시간째로 염농도 도달점, 조직감이 일치하므로 절임시간과 온도, 염용액의 염도를 보정함이 맛과 영양적으로 우수 할 뿐만 아니라 시간적, 경제적인 부문에서도 많은 경감효과를 가지고 올 수 있다고 본다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 1964

Relative surface tensions of aqueous solutions of KCl, KI and NaI have been measured at 25$^{circ}C$(30$^{circ}C$ for KCl) over a concentration range of 0.0001 to 3M solution. It was observed that there was a minimum in the surface tension-concentration curve for the extremely dilute solutions. Appearance of the minimum has been reported for the other salt solutions so far reported. At moderate and high concentration, these three salts increase the surface tension of water almost linearly as concentration increased, and behaved as a typical "capillary inactive substance", whereas they acted as a capillary active substance in very dilute solutions. Since the Onsager-Samaras equation for the surface tension as a function did not agree with the experimental data, the following empirical equations for the whole concentration range used were obtained. ${\sigma}_r\;=\;1\;+\;0.00072{\sqrt{c}}\;-\;0.0011c\;+\;0.023c^2\; for\;KCl\;at\;30^{\circ}C$ ${\sigma}_r\;=\;1\;+\;0.0077{\sqrt{c}}\;-\;0.0015c\;+\;0.024c^2\;for\;KI\;at\;25^{\circ}C$ ${\sigma}_r\;=\;1\;+\;0.00011{\sqrt{c}}\;-\;0.0090c\;+\;0.077c^2\;for\;NaI\;at\;25^{\circ}C$

• 전기화학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.24-30
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• 2015

일반적으로 저농도의 염 용액에서 탈염성능이 우수한 축전식 탈염기술에 고농도의 염을 함유한 용액을 처리할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하기 위해 spacer와 spiral 형태의 두 가지 모양의 유로에따라 이온교환수지를 채움으로써 탈염효율을 비교분석하고 기술의 적용가능성을 평가하였다. Spacer와 spiral 형태로 이온교환수지를 채운 축전식 탈염 셀의 탈염효율은 각각 77.21 및 99.94%로, 이는 spiral 형태의 유로에 채워진 이온교환수지가 유입수와 고르게 접촉할 수 있는 유로의 모양을 구성하기 때문에 많은 이온들이 제거될 수 있었다고 판단된다. 또한 pH와 축적 전하량의 변화량에서 탈염성능을 감소시킬 수 있는 페러데이 반응이 현저하게 줄어들었다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 에너지효율적인 축전식 탈염 기술을 이용하여 고농도의 염 용액의 탈염에 대한 가능성을 제시해주었고, 이온교환수지의 혼합비율의 최적화와 연속식 전기탈이온 기술의 재생공정의 도입에 대한 추가적인 연구를 통해 이상적인 탈염기술을 개발하는 데 큰 기반이 될 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.10-16
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• 1994

Neutral salts have negative or positive effects on the rates of many chemical reactions and also on the rates of acidic and alkaline hydrolysis of carboxylic esters. The direction of neutral salt effects on the hydrolysis of ester depends on the charge of esters. Neutral salts accelerate alkaline hydrolysis of esters with negative charge, but decelerate alkaline hydrolysis of esters with positive charge, and have little effect on the alkaline hydrolysis of neutral esters. It is expected that the rate of the alkaline hydrolysis of Poly(ethylene terephthalte) (PET), polymeric solid carboxylic polyester with carboxyl end group at the polymer end, is also influenced positively by neutral salts. In the present work, to clarify the mechanism of the neutral salt effect on the alkaline hydrolysis of PET, many salts with different anions like NaF, NACl, NaBr, NaI were added to the aqueous alkaline solutions. Then PET was hydrolyzed with aqueous solutions of many salts in alkali metal hydroxides under various conditions. Some conclusions obtained from the experimental results were summarized as follows. The reaction rate of the alkaline hydrolysis of PET was increased by the addition of neutral salts and In k was increased nearly linearly with the square root of ionic strength of reaction medium. This fact suggested that the ionic strength effect by Debye-Huckel and Bronsted theory was exerted on the reaction. The specific salt effect was also observed. The reaction rate was increased with the decrease in the nucleophilicity of anions of neutral salts, i.e., in the order of $F^-$ <$Cl^-$<$Br^-$<$I^-$. It was thought that the reaction rate was increased in the order of $F^-$ <$Cl^-$<$Br^-$<$I^-$. because the completion of anions with $OH^-$ for carbonyl carbon became weaker with the decrease in the nucleophilicity and with the increase in the size of anions.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.197-202
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• 2013

A novel route to prepare Nd-Fe-B magnetic particles by utilizing both spray drying and reduction/diffusion processes was investigated in this study. Precursors were prepared by spray drying method using the aqueous solutions containing Nd salt, Fe salt and boric acid with stoichiometric ratios. Precursor particles could be obtained with various sizes from 2 to $10{\mu}m$ by controlling concentrations of the solutions and the average size of $2{\mu}m$ of precursors were selected for further steps. After heat treatment of precursors in air, Nd and Fe oxides were formed through desalting procedure, followed by reduction processes in Hydrogen ($H_2$) atmosphere and with Calcium (Ca) granules in Argon (Ar) successively. Moreover, diffusion between Nd and Fe occurred during Ca reduction and $Nd_2Fe_{14}B$ particles were formed. With Ca amount added to particles after $H_2$ reduction, intrinsic coercivity was changed from 1 to 10 kOe. In order to remove and leach CaO and residual Ca, de-ionized water and dilute acid were used. Acidic solutions were more effective to eliminate impurities, but Fe and Nd were dissolved out from the particles. Finally, $Nd_2Fe_{14}B$ magnetic particles were synthesized after washing in de-ionized water with a mean size of $2{\mu}m$ and their maximum energy product showed 9.23 MGOe.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.66-74
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• 2012

이 연구에서는 다양한 환경에서 인공송신원 해양전자탐사 자료의 정확한 해석을 위해 3차원 모델링 알고리듬을 개발하고, 복잡한 탄화수소자원 개발 환경에서 인공송신원 해양전자탐사의 적용 가능성을 파악하고자 암염에 인접한 저류층 모형을 구성하고 그 반응을 계산 및 분석하였다. 모델링 알고리듬은 유한차분법에 기초하고 있으며 이차 전기장 정식화를 도입함으로써 빠르고 정확한 반응 계산이 가능하도록 하였다. 이 알고리듬의 정확성은 2층구조 모형에 대해 해석해 및 기존의 3차원 모델링 알고리듬의 결과와의 비교를 통해 검증되었다. 암염에 인접한 저류층 모형에서는 암염과 저류층 및 배경 매질의 경계에 존재하는 세 군데 송신원에 대한 전기장 및 자기장 반응을 파악하고, 배경매질의 반응으로 정규화한 전기장 및 자기장 반응도 분석하였다. 그 결과 세 군데 송신원에 대한 반응을 종합하면 정규화된 전자기장 반응으로부터 지하의 고비저항 이상체의 개수와 각각의 위치를 파악할 수 있었으며 탄성파탐사를 통해 암염의 구조가 사전 정보로 알려졌다면 저류층의 존재를 밝힐 수 있었다. 이 연구에서 개발한 알고리듬은 향후 다양한 환경에서 인공송신원 해양전자탐사 자료의 반응 분석은 물론 역산 알고리듬 개발에 유용할 것으로 기대된다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.173-187
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• 2015

The goal of present work is the preparation of a novel positively charged nanofiltration (NF) membrane and its development for the cation removal of aqueous solutions. This NF membrane was fabricated by the surface modification of polysulfone (PSf) ultrafiltration support. The active top-layer was formed by interfacial cross-linking polymerization of poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) with p-xylylene dichloride (XDC) and then quaternized with methyl iodide to form a perpetually positively charged layer. In order to improve the efficiency of nanofiltration membrane, the concentration of PEI, XDC and methyl iodide solutions, PEI coating and cross-linking time have been optimized. As a result, a high water flux and high $CaCl_2$ rejection (1,000 ppm) was obtained for the composite membrane with values of $18.29L/m^2.h$ and 93.62% at 4 bar and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. The rejections of NF membrane for different salt solutions followed the order of $Na_2SO_4$ < $MgSO_4$ < NaCl < $CaCl_2$. Molecular weight of cut off (MWCO) was calculated via retaining of PEG solutions with different molecular weights that finally, it revealed the Stokes and hydrodynamic radius of 1.457 and 2.507 nm on the membrane selective layer, respectively. The most efficient positively charged nanofiltration membrane exhibited a $Ni^{2+}$ rejection of 96.26% for industrial wastewater from Shamse Hadaf Co. (Kashan, Iran).