• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.120-125
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• 2014

Halophytes are plants of saline habitats that grow under conditions that may vary in extremes of temperatures (freezing to very hot), water availability (drought to water logging) and salinity (mild to almost saturation). Halophytes may also face sudden micro-environmental variations within their habitats. In this study, we examine some of the factors that determine the ability of seeds of Artemisia fukudo to germinate when conditions are optimal for seedling growth and survival. Germination percentage was the highest at 77.5% when treated in 0% seawater and seedling growth was best in 0% seawater plug cell tray. Physiological quality (chlorophyll contents) and mean germination time were best in the condition in which seeds were treated with 0% seawater (control). Germination performance index in the control group showed the highest value to 3.8. Seedling growth, seedling vigor index in the length of seedling growth andthe relative growth rate were the highest values of 0.76 cm, 1.43, 0.0099, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.152-171
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• 2022

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effects of Sunbanghwalmyung-eum gamibang on Monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis rats. Methods : Forty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 5 groups of 8 rats each. Osteoarthritis (OA) was induced by injecting MIA (2 mg/50 µl) into the joint cavity of the left knee of SD rats belonging to the experimental group, and normal saline was injected into the joint cavity of the left knee instead of MIA in the normal group. To the normal group and the controlled group (OA group), 2 ml of distilled water was orally administered. To the positive control group (Indomethacin group), indomethacin 2 ml at a concentration of 2 mg/kg, to the low concentration group of SHG (Low group), 2 ml of SHG at a concentration of 2 mg/kg, and to the high concentration group of SHG (High group), 2 ml of SHG at a concentration of 4 mg/kg ml was orally administered. The drug was administered for a total of 4 weeks, and histological changes were analyzed by Hematoxylin-Eosin staining and Safranin-O staining. In addition, inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and MMP-13, TIMP-1, and GAGs were immunohistochemically analyzed. Finally, hematological examination, blood biochemical examination, and liver and kidney biopsy were performed. Results : SHG groups (Low and High) inhibited the matrix destruction and damage of the knee joint cartilage in SD rat model, and significantly prevented the reduction in cartilage thickness. In SHG groups, the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MMP-13 were significantly decreased, and the expressions of TIMP-1, GAGs were significantly increased compared with OA group. The safety indicators had no significant differences among five groups. Conclusions : These results show that SHG has cartilage protection capacity, anti-inflammatory effect.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1967

Disappearance rate of injected $D_2O$ from the arterial blood as well as the effect of histamine on the rate were studied in rabbits. The concentrations of $D_2O$ in the serial arterial samples obtained through a Polyethylene tubing inserted into the carotid artery were assayed by the freezing point elevation method of Reaser. At zero time 3 ml of isotonic $D_2O$ in normal saline was injected into the jugular vein and at the same time serial sampling of arterial blood started. The serial sampling interval was either 7.7 sec or 12.3 sec. In the histamine treated animals histamine diphosphate (0,5 mg of histamine base) was injected intravenously 30 minutes prior to the zero time. The following results were obtained. 1. $D_2O$ concentration in arterial plasma water, x, was empirically obtained by the sum of 2 exponential terms of time, $x=Ae^{-k1t}+Be^{-k2t},$ and its theoretical basis was sought. The first term of the right member of the equation was regarded to be attributable to the compartment P which possessed instantaneous exchange of water with plasma. The second term was postulated to represent the poorly exchangeable compartment. 2. The constant A of the equation was evaluated as 4,37% and 14.3% in the control and histamine treated groups, respectively. B was 1.19% in the control and 0.849% in histamine treated animals. 3. The disappearance rates determined were; $k_1=0.0519{\pm}0.0221\;sec^{-1}\;K_2=0.00454{\pm}0.00247\;sec^{-1}$ in the control group. $k_1=0.1137{\pm}0.0290\;sec^{-1}\;K_2=0.00499{\pm}0.00204\;sec^{-1}$ in the histamine group. 4. In the histamine treated animals the disappearance rate of the first term was larger than that of the control animals, suggesting an enlarged size of the rapidly exchangeable compartment with regard to the plasma water. On the other hand the constant B was decreased by histamine administration, suggesting a distribution of $D_2O$ in an enlarged volume. This view was also made clear by comparing the apparent asymptotes to which the concentration curves of $D_2O$ approached in respective groups. The asymptotes in the histamine treated group showed lower values.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2004

This study was conducted to determine the effect of salinity on the growth and development of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer) and to evaluate the inorganic ion content in Korean ginseng with different general complete fertilizer (GCF) and NaCI concentrations at two growth stages. The stem height of Korean ginseng treated with different GCF and NaCI concentrations decreased at the higher EC (2.0 dS m$^{-1}$ ), but there were no significant difference in the stem diameter, the leaf length, and the leaf width among different treatments. The root growth increased with the supply of GCF. Especially, the root growth was facilitated two times at 3.0 dS $\textrm{m}^{-1}$ as compared to control. But the root growth more sharply decreased with NaCI treatment than GCF. The $\textrm{K}^{+}$ and $\textrm{Mg}^{2+}$ content in leaves and roots increased with GCF at the early growth stage. At the late growth stage, the $\textrm{K}^{+}$ content in leaves decreased but the $\textrm{Ca}^{2+}$ and $\textrm{Mg}^{2+}$ content increased. The $\textrm{Ca}^{2+}$ and $\textrm{Mg}^{2+}$ content in roots increased but the $\textrm{K}^{+}$ content decreased. The $\textrm{Na}^{+}$ content in Korean ginseng increased sharply with NaCl treatment. The $\textrm{NO}_3^{-}$ content in leaves and $\textrm{NH}_4^{+}$ content in leaves and roots increased as GCF concentration increased. The $\textrm{NO}_3^{-}$ content in leaves, stems, and roots at the late growth stage decreased as NaCl concentration increased. The $\textrm{NH}_4^{+}$ content in leaves and roots decreased significantly at the early growth stage, but it decreased significantly in leaves and stems at the late growth stage. The root activity of Korean ginseng increased with GCF, but decreased as the EC increased with NaCl. The water potential of leaves with GCF showed no significant difference compare to control, but the water potential of leaves treated with NaCl decreased as EC increased.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.33-43
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• 1968

Histamine, 0.5 mg as histamine base in 4 ml of normal saline solution, was injected into rabbits anesthetized with nembutal and the mean blood pressure was kept in the range of $52{\sim}80\;mmHg$ for over one hour by supplemental additions. Following the injection of the test substances, 300 mg of urea and 200 mg of antipyrine intravenously, serial blood samples were obtained from the femoral artery and the internal jugular vein at $0.5{\sim}3$ minutes interval. The decreasing patterns in the concentrations of arterial and venous blood plasma samples were compared with each other. The ratio of the concentration of brain tissue to that of the final arterial plasma was also studied. By these measures the degrees of penetration of the test substances in the brain in the control and in the histamine treated rabbits were observed. The concentrations of antipyrine and urea in the arterial blood plasma were decreasing exponentially with respect to the time elapsed. The venous concentrations were anticipated to increase initially and to cross the arterial concentration curve in the point of equlibrium between the plasma and the tissue. On the contrary to the expectation venous concentration also revealed the decreasing tendency similar to that of arterial plasma. The similarity between these two curves, arterial and venous, would be atributable to the fact that the cerebral blood flow rate was large enough and the rising phase in the venous concentration curve was instantly over before serial blood samples were taken. Inspite of some similarity in the decreasing tedency in both concentration curves there were appreciable discrepancies between the arterial and venous plasma which would reflect the situation far from the equlibria among several compartments in the brain. Changes in plasma potassium levels caused by the injection of histamine or bleeding were observed, too. Using 8 rabbits as the control and 12 rabbits for the histamine treated group following results were obtained: 1. Both of the concentration curves, arterial and venous, declined rapidly at_first and slowly later on and approached same equilibrium concentration with the passage of time after a single injection. The time at which attained the same concentration was $2.0{\pm}0.54\;min.$ in the control and $4.3{\pm}1.92\;min.$ in the histamine treated group with respect to antipyrine. On the other hand in the case of urea they were $2.4{\pm}0.59\;min.$ in the control and $4.4{\pm}1.31\;min.$ in the histamine group, respectively. In the histamine treated group enlarged spaces for distribution of test substances were postulated. 2. The concentration of antipyrine in the brain tissue water revealed no significant differences between the control and experimental groups, showing $212{\pm}40.2\;mg/l$ in the control and $206{\pm}64.1\;mg/l$ in the histamine treated group. On the other hand urea revealed higher value in the histamine treated group than in the control, showing an enhanced penetration of urea into the tissue after injection of histamine. Urea concentration in the brain water was $32.3{\pm}3.36\;mg%$ in the control and $39.2{\pm}4.25\;mg%$ in the histamine treated group. 3. The distribution ratio of antipyrine in the brain tissue was very close to unity in the histamine treated animals as well as in the control. 4. The average of the distribution ratio of urea in the control animals was 0.77 and it showed the presence of blood-brain barrier with regard to urea. However in the histamine treated animals the distribution ratios climbed up to 0.86 and they were closer to unity than in the control animals. Out of 12 cases 5 were greater than 0.9 and 8 exceeded 0.85. It appeared that histamine enhanced the penetration of urea through the barrier. 5. Histamine injection and or hemorrhage caused an elevation of the concentration of potassium in plasma. In the event that histamine and hemorrhage were applied together the elevation of potassium exceed the elevation seen at the histamine alone. There was no evidence that the leakage of potassium from the brain tissue was dominant in comparison with the general leakage from the whole body.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.40-49
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• 1999

A laboratory flume experiment, using turbulence-generating acryl tank and natural sediments, was conducted to investigate the effects of salinity, concentration of suspended sediment, turbulence and clay minerals on the flocculation and settling of fine-grained suspended sediments. While experiments were run, a sequence of water samples were taken near the bottom of the tank to analyze the variations of size distribution and relative contents of clay minerals. The results of the salinity experiment indicate that median settling velocity ($W_{50}$) increases linearly with salinity. Different settling processes of suspended sediments under variable concentrations appear to be predictable, depending upon the range of the suspension concentration. At concentrations less than 200 mg/l, $W_{50}$ is rarely varied with concentration probably because of the individual--grain settling mode. In the range of 200 to 13,000 mg/l show $W_{50}$ and concentration a good relationship following an empirical formula: $W_{50}=0.45C^{0.44}$. This relationship, however, no longer holds in concentrations exceeding 13,000 mg/l; instead, a more or less reverse one is shown. This result suggests an effect of hindered settling. The turbulence effect is somewhat different from that of concentration. Turbulence accelerates the flocculation and settling susepended sediments at low concentration (200 mg/l), whereas at high concentration turbulence breaks floes down and impedes the settling. Size distribution of suspended sediments sampled near the bottom of the tank tend to be more negatively skewed and leptokurtic in turbulent conditions compared to those in static conditions. The clay mineral analysis from the sequential water samples shows that over time the content of smectite decreases most rapidly with illite remaining concentrated in suspension. This means that smectite, among other clay minerals, plays the most effective role in the flocculation of fine-grained sediment in saline water.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.161-171
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• 2009

The present study was performed to describe the influence of water temperature and salinity on filtration rates of the venus clam, Gomphina veneriformis, a suspension-feeding (filter-feeding) bivalve species. The calmswere collected from the eastern coastal area of Sokcho, Gangneung and Jumunjin at Kangwon-do, Korea, during December 2006 and May 2007. Isochrysis galbana (KMCC H-002) cells as food organisms were indoor-cultured by f/2 medium, and were used to measure the filtration rate of clam. Filtration rates of clam were measured by indirect method. Cell concentration of food organisms were determined by direct counting cells used the hemacytometer under the light microscope. The filtration rates of clams by water temperature sharply increased with temperatures up to $15^{\circ}C$ as optimum temperature and above this temperature, the filtration rates decreased exponentially. Venus clams showed very low filtration rates at low salinity (10-15 psu) and maximum values at high salinity (30-35 psu). Regardless of water temperature and salt change, 2-year class clams showed high filtration rates, but low in 4-year-class. Polynomial regression curves with water temperature were shifted to the left in low temperature region. Thermal coefficient $Q_{10}$ values showed much higher values at low temperature range than at high temperature range, too. These results indicate that the venus clam is more sensitive in cold water. Polynomial regression curves with salinity were shifted to the right in high saline region. According to this study, the venus clam Gomphina veneriformis, subtidal filter-feeding bivalve, was the stenothermal organism, inhabited mainly in low temperature and the stenohaline, in high saline waters.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2008

Lentinus giganteus, one of edible and medicinal mushroom belongs to Pleurotaceae of Agaricales, has been known to contain some inhibitive substances on Sarcoma 180 and curative effect on high blood pressure. Neutral saline soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were extracted from fruiting body of the mushroom. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, crude polysaccharides were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as Sarcoma 180 and HepG2 at the concentration of $10{\sim}2,000\;{\mu}g/ml$, but crude polysaccharides from Fr. NaCl was toxic to NIH3T3 at the concentration of $10{\sim}2,000\;{\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides showed life prolongation effect of $14.3{\sim}67.5%$ in mice previously inoculated with Sarcoma 180, respectively. Fr. NaCl exhibited the immuno-potentiating activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by $1.53{\sim}1.68$ folds compared with control at the concentration of $50{\sim}200\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The numbers of peritoneal exudate cells and circulating leukocytes were increased by 7.7 and 1.6 folds by injecting Fr. NaCl and Fr. MeOH into the mice at the concentration of 50 mg/ml body weight, respectively.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2003

Fusobacterium nucleatum, one of the bacteria causing halitosis, produces the volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) such as $H_2S$ in the media containing sulfur components, and forms FeS by binding with iron component. The various factors of oral cavity affect the concentration of sulfur compounds produced by Fusobacterium nucleatum. In this study, the effect of nutrients and pH on the production of sulfur compounds by Fusobacterium nucleatum was studied with the following results. 1. The optical density of broth was increased to $0.817{\pm}0.032$ and $1.297{\pm}0.024$ by adding 1.0% sodium thiosulfate and 0.05% L-cysteine hydrochloride in the media, respectively. 2. Though the optical density of broth was $0.799{\pm}0.032$ by adding volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) only in the media, it was increased to $1.775{\pm}0.003$ and $1.648{\pm}0.022$ by adding xylitol combined with glucose and fructose, respectively. 3. The concentration of VSC was above 20,000 ppb in the media above pH 5.5. The optical density of broth was still high in the media with L-cysteine hydrochloride of higher concentration, being low in the media of lower pH. 4. The concentration of VSC was high when there was distilled water or saline solution on the media, and their amount was small. These results suggest that the production of sulfur compounds by Fusobacterium nucleatum was inhibited by xylitol and acid.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-32
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• 2000

It has long been known that SOAT is effective for sudden palpitation occurring unexpectedly in Oriental Medicine. However, effect of SOAT on the isolated heart has not been studied yet. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of SOAT on hemodynamics and ECG of isolated rat hearts induced by electrical stimulation using Langendorff perfusion apparatus for nonworking heart. SOAT extract was manufactured by water-alcohol precipitated method. Sprague-Dawley rats weighting $120{\sim}150g$ were used for the experiments, Subject animals were divided into four groups, which are consisted of 1) control(Group orally administered by normal saline 1ml for 14days), 2) sample A(Group orally administered by SOAT extract 1ml for 14days), 3) sample C(Group injected by SOAT extract 0.5ml after stimulation, 4) sample C(Group injected by SOAT extract 1ml after stimulation. To evluate the effects of SOAT on hemodynamics and ECG of isolated rat heart induced by stimulation, heart rate, left ventricular pressure, systolic power, diastolic power, coronary artery perfusion volume and ECG were measured using Langendorff apparatus in both stimulation mode(5 volts, 450 beats/min) and arrythmic mode(5 volts, 420 beats/min including 60 beats/min) The results obtained are as follows : 1. After receiving stressful electrical stimuli, isolated heart showed the heart rate, left ventricular pressure, systolic power, diastolic power, coronary artery perfusion volume were all decreased temporarily, but perfusion continued longer recovery to the control state appeared. However, the coronary artery perfusion volume diminished continuously. 2. The heart rates did not change significantly with both stimulation mode and arrhythmic mode, among experimental groups. 3. The left ventricular pressure showed with both stimulation mode and arrhythmic mode, the significant changes(p<0.05) especially in the injection sample group. In case of stimulation mode, low concentration injection group(0.5ml) was more significantly increased rather than high concentration group(1ml) and in case of arrhythmic mode, high density group(1ml) was so increased than the other(0.5ml). 4. For the systolic power and diastolic power, no significant changes were noticed in the stimulation mode, but in the arrhythmic mode of injection sample groups, significant change(p<0.05) was noticed in both systolic power and diastolic power. Specially the high concentration group(1ml) showed more significant increase than the low concentration group. 5. For the coronary artery perfusion volume, no significant change difference among sample groups was observed in both the stimulation mode and the arrhythmic mode. 6. For the ECG recordings, arrhythmia was induced by electrical stimulus of arrythmia mode and after the stimulus was removed, irregular wave appeared temporarily, but as perpusion continued, recovery to the control state was abtained like the stimulation mode. According to the above results, SOAT significantly changed the hemodynamic data from the electrically stressed, isolated hearts of connected Langendorff perfusion apparatus and we propose SOAT has the direct effects on the muscular function of heart.