• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.162-167
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• 2002

Free, soluble esterified and insoluble bounded phenolic acids were separated from Eungi chestnut endoderm. The composition and contents of phenolic acid were analyzed by gas chromatography, and their antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH assay, 2-deoxyribose oxidation, and ferric thiocyanate method. Gallic, ellagic, salicylic, and gentisic acids in free phenolic acid fraction, gallic, ellagic, and protocatechuic acids in soluble esterified fraction, sianpic and gentisic acids were the major phenolic acids in insoluble bounded fraction. Marked differences were observed in the phenolic acid composition and contents among the fractions. Free phenolic acid fraction showed the strongest antioxidant activity. Results revealed chestnut endoderm could be a potential antioxidant source containing gallic and ellagic acids.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 1981

The effective components of Korean ginseng showing the lipid-peroxide depressing activity were isolated. From the ether-soluble acidic fraction of fresh ginseng three phenolic acids were obtained. Salicylic acid and vanilic acid exhibited the potent antioxidant activity, where p-hydroxycinnamic acid did not.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.348-355
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• 1998

This study was conducted to identify allelopathic compounds in rye and oat straw extracts by HPLC analysis. These extracts were analyzed with 12 standard chemicals including salicylic acid. 11 chemicals in rye extract except for naringin and in oat extract except for catechin were identified. Salicylic acid(8.34mg/g) in rye straw extracts and naringin(7.50mg/g) in oat straw extracts among these standard chemicals were identified as the largest amount substance. The germination of Chenopodium ablum seeds was significantly inhibited by these chemicals at $10^{-3}$ and $10^{-4}M$ concentrations as compared to control. Salicylic acid in rye and naringin in oat were considered as the major allelopathic substances although allelopathy may be caused by an interaction of many substances. Yet many unidentified chemical compounds are present in both extracts.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.421-430
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to detect the presence of allelopathic substances in the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. Water extracts from G. biloba leaves which collected at different season markedly inhibited the germination and growth of O. sativa, E. crus-galli, D. sanguinalis, and L. sativa, indicating the presence of biological substances. Linolenic and palmitic acid were the major fatty acids of G. biloba leaves. The biochemical substances such as salicylic arid, p-coumaric acid, catechol, hydroquinone, orchinol, ferulic acid, phloroglucinol, and umbelliferone etc., belonging to the phenolic, compounds were, detected in a large amount, which may be responsible for exhibition inhibitory effects. The common phenolic compounds were detected in the early-harvested and late-harvested G. biloba leaves were salicylic and p-coumaric acid. All these compounds were related to the allelopathic activities in G. biloba leaves.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.146-158
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• 2022

Changes in physiological and biochemical patterns in lucerne plants caused by the presence of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma australasia', which is one of the significant pathogens causing yield losses in lucerne plants, were investigated. Significant differences were evident in total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and protein amounts between 'Ca. Phytoplasma australasia'-positive and negative lucerne plants. Stress-related metabolites such as phenol, malondialdehyde, and proline accumulations in 'Ca. Phytoplasma australasia'-positive plants were remarkably higher than those of phytoplasma-negative plants. As a response to disease attack, phytoplasma-positive plants exhibited higher antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and nonenzymatic metabolite responses such as jasmonic and salicylic acids. We state that partial disease responses were revealed for the first time to breed resistant lucerne lines infected by 'Ca. Phytoplasma australasia'.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.83-94
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• 2010

Chinese fir (Latin name: Cunninghaimia lanceolata) is one of the major commercial coniferous trees. Most of Chinese fir forests are managed in successive rotation sites, which lead productivity to decline. Autotoxicity is the important reason for soil degradation of Chinese fir plantation, especially, phenolic acids are considered as the major allelopathic toxins which induce autotoxicity in Chinese fir rotation stands. We performed here proteomic approach to investigate the response of proteins in Chinese fir leaves to salicylic acid. The tube plantlets of Chinese fir clone were treated with 120 mg/L salicylic acid for 1, 3 and 5th day. 2-DE, coupled with MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS, was used to separate and identify the responsive proteins. We found 12, 7, and 12 candidate protein spots that were up- or down-regulated by at least 2.5 fold after 1, 3, and 5th day of the stress, respectively. Of these protein spots, 16 spots were identified successfully. According to the putative physiological functions, these proteins were categorized into five classes (1) the proteins involved in protein stability and folding, including 26S proteome, Grp78, Hsp70, Hsp90 and PPIase; (2) the protein involved in photosynthesis and respiration, including OEC 33 kDa subunit, GAPDH; (3) the protein related to cell endurance to acid, F-ATPase; (4) the protein related to cytoskeleton, tubulin; (5) the protein related to protein translation: prolyl-tRNA synthetase. These results give new insights into autotoxic substance stress response in Chinese fir leaves and provide preliminary footprints for further studies on the molecular signal mechanisms induced by the stress.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2011

The proximate composition, and the levels of total phenols, phenolic acids, and DPPH radical scavenging activity in Cheongdobansi persimmon fruits assayed during development (from July to October), were investigated. All of moisture, crude protein and crude fiber contents decreased as picking time was delayed, however, crude fat content rose. Crude fiber content increased after September. Total phenol content tended to fall during development. The principal phenolic acids were chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and salicylic acid; the level of each phenolic acid tended to decrease during development. DPPH radical scavenging activity fell as picking time was delayed. Thus, harvest time influenced the levels of chemical components and the antioxidative properties of persimmon fruit. It follows that unripe fruit may be utilized as a raw material yielding many useful products.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 2000

Hydroxybenzoic acids are the most important intermediates in the degradative pathways of various aromatic compounds. Microorganisms catabolize aromatic compounds by converting them to hydroxylated intermediates and then cleave the benzene nucleus with ring dioxygenases. Hydroxylation of the benzene nucleus of an aromatic compound is an essential step for the initiation and subsequent disintegration of the benzene ring. The incorporation of two hydroxyl groups is essential for the labilization of the benzene nucleus. Monohydroxybenzoic acids such as 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 4-hydrosybenzoic acid, opr pyrocattechuic acid that are susceptible for subsequent oxygenative cleavage of the benzene ring. These terminal aromatic intermediates are further degraded to cellular components through ortho-and/or meta-cleavage pathways and finally lead to the formation of constituents of the TCA cycle. Many groups of microorganisms have been isolated as degraders of hydroxybenzoic acids with diverse drgradative routes and specific enzymes involved in their metabolic pahtway. Various microorganisms carry out unusual non-oxidative decarboxylation of aromatic acids and convert them to respective phenols which have been documented. Futher, Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. are the most ubiquitous microorganisms, being the principal components of microflora of most soil and water enviroments.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 1990

The contribution of endogenous transport systems to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of basic and acidic drugs was studied by using a carotid injection technique in rats and an isolated bovine cerebrovascular disease state were compared between the normotensive rats (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) which have been well established as an animal model with pathogenic similarities to humans. Basic drugs such as eperisone, thiamine and scopolamine inhibited, in a concentration dependent manner the in vivo uptake of $[{^3}H]choline$ through BBB, whereas amino acids and acidic drugs such as salicylic acid and valproic acid did not inhibit the uptake. The uptake of $[^3H]choline$ by B-CAP increased with time and showed a remarkable temperature dependency. The uptake of $[^3H]choline$ by B-CAP showed the very similar inhibitory effects as observed in the in vivo brain uptake, and was competitively inhibited by a basic drug, eperisone. The in vivo BBB uptakes of $[^3H]acetic$ acid and $[^{14}C]salicylic$ acid were dependent on pH of the injectate and the concentration of drugs. Several acidic drugs such such as salicylic acid, benzoic acid and valproic acid inhibited the in vivo uptake of $[^3H]acetic$ acid, whereas amino acid, choline and a basic drug such as eperisone did not inhibit the uptake. The uptake of acetic acid by B-CAP was competitively inhibited by salicylic acid. The permeability surface area product (PS) through BBB for $[^3H]choline$ in SHRSP was significantly lower than that in WKY. The concentration of choline in the brain dialysate in SHRSP was about half of that in WKY, while no significant difference was observed in the plasma concentration of choline between SHRSP and WKY. No significant difference was observed in the transport of monocarboxylic acids, glucose and neutral amino acid through BBB between SHRSP and WKY. From these results, it was concluded that BBB transport system of choline contributes to the transport of basic drugs through BBB, that acidic drugs can be transported via a moncarboxylic acid BBB transport system and that the specific dysfuntion of the BBB choline transport in SHRSP was ascribed to the reduction of the maximum velocity of choline concentration in the brain interstitial fluids.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.232-239
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• 1996

Phenolic compounds are known to inhibit the nitrosation or oxidation reaction. In the present work, the effects of phenolic compounds including phenolic acids and flavonoids on the nitrite-scavenging and electron donating ability were tested as scavenger of nitrite which is believed to participate in the formation of N-nitroso compounds and investigated as electron donator. The nitrite scavenging ability appeared in all the phenolic acids and showed the highest value at PH 1.2. Among the Phenolic compounds, phenolic acids showed higher nitrite-scavenging action than some flavonoids. Futhermore, the nitrite scavenging action of phenolic compounds was pH dependent highest at pH 1.2 and lowest at pH 6.0. The electron donating ability (EDA) by reduction of ${\alpha},{\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) among hydroxybenzoic acids was in the decreasing order of gallic acid, gentisic acid, syringic acid, protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. EDA of hydroxycinnamic acids was in the decreasing order of hydrocaffeic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and trans-cinnamic acid. EDA of flavonoids was in the decreasing order of (+)catechin, rutin, quercetin, naringin and hesperidin. Other phenolic compounds were significantly high in electron donating abilities.