• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

A space-time concatenated convolutional and differential coding scheme is employed in a multiuser direct-sequence code-division multiple-access(DS-CDMA) system. The system consists of single-user detectors (SUD), which are used to suppress multiple-access interference(MAI) with no requirement of other users' spreading codes, timing, or phase information. The space-time differential code, treated as a convolutional code of code rate 1 and memory 1, does not sacrifice the coding efficiency and has the least number of states. In addition, it brings a diversity gain through the space-time processing with a simple decoding process. The iterative process exchanges information between the differential decoder and the convolutional decoder. Numerical results show that this space-time concatenated coding scheme provides better performance and more flexibility than conventional convolutional codes in DS-CDMA systems, even in the sense of similar complexity Further study shows that the performance of this coding scheme applying to DS-CDMA systems with SUDs improves by increasing the processing gain or the number of taps of the interference suppression filter, and degrades for higher near-far interfering power or additional near-far interfering users.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.7
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• pp.113-122
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to verify trust in supervisor, customer badness behavior have turnover intention influence on job embeddedness. Self-report questionnaire was completed by 188 clinical nurse May 1st to May 30th, 2016. and date analyzed using the IBM SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. As a result, The mean score of trust in supervisor is 3.20 points, customer badness behavior is 2.66 points, job embeddedness is 3.05 points, turnover intention is 3.39 points(out of 5). There were significant positive correlations between job embeddedness and trust in supervisor(r=.57, p<.001) and turnover intention(r=.19, p=.011) and negative correlations between Sacrifice sub-cale of job embeddedness and customer badness behavior(r=-.15, p=.037). The convergence factors with the effect on job embeddedness, trust in supervisor(${\beta}=.471$, p<.001), job satisfaction(${\beta}=.226$, p<.001), turnover intention(${\beta}=-.196$, p<.001), nursing satisfaction(${\beta}=-.169$, p=.005) explained 48.9% of the job embeddedness. therefore, nursing managers have to strategy increasing nurse trust in supervisor and job satisfaction and nursing satisfaction for job embeddedness and plan to lower the turnover intention at the organization level.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 2004

The Monte Carlo simulation requires very much time to obtain a result of acceptable accuracy. Therefore we should know the optimum number of history not to sacrifice time as well as the accuracy. In this study, we have investigated the effects of statistical uncertainties of the photon dose calculation. BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc systems were used for the Monte Carlo dose calculation and the case of mediastinum was simulated. The several dose calculation result from various number of histories had been obtained and analyzed using the criteria of isodose curve comparison, dose volume histogram comparison(DVH) and root mean-square differences(RMSD). Statistical uncertainties were observed most evidently in isodose curve comparison and RMSD while DVHs were less sensitive. The acceptable uncertainties $(\bar{{\Delta}D})$ of the Monte Carlo photon dose calculation for the radiation therapy were estimated within total 9% error or 1% error for over than $D_{max}/2$ voxels or voxels at maximum dose.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.405-418
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• 2007

Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) have been though to be multipotent cells that can replicate that have the potential to differentiate into lineages of mesenchymal tissue including the bone, cartilage, fat, tendon, muscle, and marrow stroma. Especially, scaffolds to support cell-based tissue engineering are critical determinants of clinical efforts to regenerate and repair the body. Selection of a matrix carrier imvolves consideration of the matrix's role as a scaffold for physical support and host tissue integration as well as its ability to support of synergize the osteoinductive program of the implanted mesenchymal stem cell. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of autobone and Bio-$Oss^{(R)}$ to adherent mesenchymal stem cells as scaffolds on sinus augmentation with fibrin glue mixture in a rabbit model. 16 New Zealand White rabbits were divided randomly into 4 groups based on their time of sacrifice(1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks). First, mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from iliac crest marrow of rabbits and expanded in vitro. Cell culture was performed in accordance with the technique described by Tsutsumi et al. In the present study, the animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation, and the bone formation ability of each sides was evaluated clinically, radiologically, histologically and histomorphologically. According to the histological observations, autobone scaffolds group showed integrated graft bone with host bone from sinus wall. At 2 and 4 weeks, it showed active newly formed bone and neovascularization. At 8 weeks, lamellae bone was observed in sinus graft material area. Radiologically, autobone with stem cell showed more radiopaque than Bio-$Oss^{(R)}$ scaffolds group. there were significant differences in bone volume between 4 and 8 weeks(p<0.05).

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.75
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• pp.43-79
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• 2016

An increase in the number of immigrants to Korea since the late 1980s' has signified the proliferation of globalization and global capitalism. In Korea, most married immigrants are women, as the culture emphasizes patrilineage and the stability of the institution of marriage, particularly in rural areas. Immigrant women have experienced dual ordeals. The Aogra Internet community in Korea has been one of the most representative sites that has shown the power of communities in cyberspace since 2002, leading the discussion of social issues and deliberative democracy both online and offline. This paper analyzed Koreans' writings (such as long comments) on immigrant women in the Agora community. The analysis revealed the following results: first, immigrant women were referred to using terms related to prostitution, with excessive expression of disgust, which is called a "narrative of identity." Second, anti-multiculturalists called Korean men victims of married immigrant women and expressed hatred toward immigrant women, which is called a "narrative of sacrifice." Third, anti-multiculturalists justified their emotions as just resentment based on ideas of justice, equality, and patriotism, concealing the emotion of disgust, which is called the "narrative of justice, equality." Fourth, antimulticulturalists played roles to spread the emotion of disgust, by repeatedly referring to international marriage fraud and immigrant workers' crimes, which is called "narrative of crime." Fifth, some positive writings on immigrant women were based on empathy(a concept defined in this context by Martha Nussbaum), but they can be analyzed as narratives encouraging cultural integration through the perspective of orientalism. Therefore, comments on immigrant women in the Agora represent a "catch-22" dilemma. To deal with conflicts arising from disgust and violations of human rights, civic education focusing on humanism is needed in this multicultural era.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.50
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• pp.209-233
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• 2002

This study is to identify the relationship in non-profit social welfare organizations(SWOs) between financial sources and service delivery. Especially the impact of the former to the latter is its main concern. For this purpose, gathered are the 1992, 1999 financial reports of those study organizations, and some qualitative data on a number of the organizations collected by the author is also used for verifying and interpreting the data. Gronbjerg's study(1992) provided an analytical tool for decomposing financial structure of human service organizations, and resource-dependency perspective was a theoretical framework for interpreting the impact of financial composition to service delivery. The findings are as follows: (1) Between 1992 and 1999, there was a noticeable change in financial composition among SWOs. Government subsidies has increased in terms of both amounts and percentages, for residential facilities 75% to 82% and for nonresidential facilities 37% to 47%. Funding from donations shows no abrupt changes, although absolute amounts were slight increasing. Fees were sharply decreasing, especially for the non-residential facilities which previously enjoyed them as valuable resources for preventing unnecessary influence from government. (2) The funding sources of SWOs and their strategies to acquire them has impact on service delivery. Although non-government fundings(donations and fees) were found to give elasticity to SWOs, various problems associated with acquiring them (i.e., changing the clientele) would prohibit SWOs from fully concentrating to those fundings. Meanwhile, government fundings are characterized as stable, and, as such, most of the SWOs prefers. Limited elasticity, red-tape, 'sacrifice of quality of service' over efficiency, etc. are referred to the problems.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.513-521
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• 2001

The chronic cholestasis induce to biliary liver fibrosis (cirrhosis) and the increased products of ROS(reactive oxygen species) cause to the liver damage. In this study ; the antioxidant and antifibrotic effect of dried extracts of oriental medicine (DW) was investigated under the liver fibrotic (cirrhotic) condition. The female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided in 5 groups (Normal, Op-2, Op-4, OpDW-2, OpDW-4). Except for normal group, the rats were induced to biliary liver fibrosis (cirrhosis) by the operation of bile duct ligation/scission (BDU/S) and were observed in 2 weeks or 4 weeks. And the prepared DW was treated p.o.2 ml/day/rats in 2 weeks or 4 weeks for OpDW groups. At the time of sacrifice, the liver, kidney, spleen were weighed and the ratio of organ weight/body weight was calculated. The MDA, the hyp and biochemical parameters (GOT GTP, ALP, t-bili) were measured in sera and liver tissue of rats. The biochemical change was observed on liver tissue. In the result, the hepatomegaly and spleenomegaly appeared in all BDL/S operated rats, and significantly lower liver weight was observed in OpDW-4 group compared with in Op-4 group (p<0.05). The level of clinical parameters in sera of all liver fibrosis (cirrhosis) developed rats was higher than in normal group. Especial1y, the value of GOT in OpDW-2 group and ALP in OpDW-4 group showed significantly lower than in Op-2 group and Op-4 group (p<0.01, p<0.005). The content of hyp in all operation groups was significantly higher than in normal group (p<0.05∼<0.005), and showed significantly lower value in the OpDW-4 group than in Op-4 group (p<0.05). The product of lipid peroxidationUDA) increased significantly under the fibrotic(cirrhotic) condition (p<0.05∼ <0.005), and the MDA value in OpDW-4 group decreased significantly in Op-4 group (p<0.005). The histological change (bile duct proliferation, fibrosis, collagen bundle) was similarly observed in Op-2 group and in OpDW-2 group, but the weak fibrosis and bile duct proliferation were observed in OpDW-4 group compared with in Op-4 group. In conclusion, lipid peroxidation and severe liver damage were activated by bile duct obstruction, and the measurement of MDA and hap can be useful monitor for the screening of antioxidant and antifibrotic effect in experimental liver fibrosis (cirrhosis). The 4 weeks treatment with DW extracts suppressed lipid peroxidation and inhibited fibrotic (cirrhotic) process in BDL/S operated rats.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.43-50
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• 2011

We present a trade-off technique for fast but qualitative planar shape deformation using a layered mesh. We construct a layered mesh that is embedding a planar input shape; the upper-layer is denoted as a control mesh and the other lower-layer as a shape mesh that is defined by mean value coordinates relative to the control mesh. First, we try to preserve some shape properties including user constraints for the control mesh by means of a known existing nonlinear least square optimization technique, which produces deformed positions of the control mesh vertices. Then, we compute the deformed positions of the shape mesh vertices indirectly from the deformed control mesh by means of simple coordinates computation. The control mesh consists of a small number of vertices while the shape layer contains relatively a large number of vertices in order to embed the input shape as tightly as possible. Since the time-consuming optimization technique is applied only to the control mesh, the overall execution is extremely fast; however, the quality of deformation is sacrificed due to the sacrificed quality of the control mesh and its relativity to the shape mesh. In order to change the deformation behavior and consequently to compensate the quality sacrifice, we present a method to control the deformation stiffness by incorporating the orientation into the user constraints. According to our experiments, the proposed technique produces a planar shape deformation fast enough for real-time applications on limited embedded systems such as cell phones and tablet PCs.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.19 no.5 s.66
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• pp.43-49
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• 2005

This paper is to investigate the effect of corrosion by acoustic emission method in tensile loading and the adhesiveness between substrate and coating layer. The powders used are Zn and Amdry625, respectively. They are coated on brass alloy substrate. AE signals of Zn and Amdry625 coating layer increase drastically in strain $2\%$. However, those of Zn specimen have more than those of Amdry625 specimen. When the specimens executed the corrosion test under $3.5\%$ NaCl solution for 500, 1000 hours, the salt solution penetrated into the surface of the substrate through the pores of the coating layer. As a result, corrosion production formed on the surface of the substrate. The adhesiveness between coating layers is weakened by the polarization and corrosion itself. The AE event, count, and energy of corroded coating specimens decrease, compared to specimens without corrosion. The results are summarized as follows : 1. In the tensile tests, the time that it took to start and develop the cracks and exfoliations between the surface of the substrates and the plasma spray coatings were different according to the type of plasma sprayed material, which are Zn and Amdry625. These phenomena were obvious at the strain rate 1 to $5\%$, and few available data were found after that stage. 2. The specimens with Zn coating showed the characteristics of crack, according to the changes of the tensile strength applied on the substrates while those with Amdry625 showed exfoliation as a result of low adaptation to the tensile strength. 3. The anti-corrosion specimens showed that the adhesive properties between the substrate and the plasma spray coating were strong in the order of Zn, Amdry. It showed that Corroded specimens cracked or exfoliated easily, even with the small energy, because those had a comparatively weakened adhesive property, due to corrosion. 4. Zn specimen showed no corrosion phenomena on the surface of the substrates, because they had the function of sacrifice anode however, Amdry625 specimen showed the corrosion, because it did not have that function.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-32
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• 2013

Economic sanctions and inducements are types of 'policy instruments' based on 'economic tools' to influence other international actors. Ongoing debates on sanctions and inducements have exposed drawbacks for relying on individual case studies. There are some studies in the literature that attempt theoretical analysis of sanctions and inducements, but they are mostly based on rational choice theory. In reality, however, there exist so many cases that cannot be explained by rational choice theory. These are called anomalies or exceptions. The literature introduces specific variables to interpret these anomalies and thus sacrifice the universality of the theory. From this point of view, prospect theory would present an effective tool to analyze economic sanctions and inducements. It is a behavioral economic theory that tries to model a decisions making process in reality. The theory says that people make decisions based on subjective value of losses and gains from an individual reference point, and that people evaluate these losses and gains using heuristics. Thus prospect theory could offer a different frame which has greater explanatory range without adding new variables. As a result of this study, target's losses of 'back down' towards economic sanctions loom larger when the reference point level increases, therefore, the effectiveness of sanctions decreases. However, target's losses of 'stand firm' towards economic inducements loom larger under the same condition of reference point, therefore, the effectiveness of inducements increases. The findings of the paper suggest meaningful implications to the economic policy towards North Korea.