• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.516-525
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• 1999

Hedera rhombea (HR) has been used for treatments of hemorrage, chronic catarrh, jaundice, lithisis and convulsion. This study was done to isolate active compounds that have protective effect on liver damage. BuOH and EtOAc fractions of HR recovered serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and ${\gamma}-glutamyltranspeptidase$ (${\gamma}-GTP$) activities in CCl4 treated rats. We isolated 7 phenolic compounds from BuOH and EtOAc fractions, which were identified as 3-caffeoyl quinic acid, 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, caffeic acid, methyl 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid and methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid by chemical and spectral analysis. These compounds reduced significantly serum GOT and GPT elevated by CCl4 treatment in rats, and 3-caffeoyl quinic acid, 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid and caffeic acid also showed mild inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.108-113
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• 1998

G009, a polysaccharide isolated from the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum IYO09, showed a hepatoprotective activity against $CCl_4$ induced cytotoxicity in primary cu ltured rat hepatocytes. Incubation of $CCl_4$-intoxicated hepatocytes with G009 significantly reduced the levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase and sorbitol dehydrogenase released from hepatocytes in the medium. G009 showed antioxidative effect by elevating the activities of glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase, and the content of glutathione in $CCl_4$-intoxidcated primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Furthermore, G009 significantly elevated glutathione-S-transferase activity in $CCl_4$-intoxicated primary cultured rat hepatocytes. G009 also reduced the production of malondialdehyde, a byproduct of lipid peroxidation. From these results, it could be concluded that G009 exerted hepatoprotective activity against $CCl_4$-induced cytotoxicity through antioxidation.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.480-485
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• 1996

Brain GABA transaminase is inactivated by preincubation with antidepressant/antipanic drug pheneizine (${\beta}$ethylphenylhydrazine) (mixing molar ratio 10:1) at pH 7.4. The reaction of enzyme with phenelzine was monitored by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic methods. The inactive enzyme was fully reconstituted by addition of cofactor pyridoxal-5-phosphate. This result implies that the blocking of 1 mol of pyridoxal-5-phosphate per enzyme dimer is needed for inactivation of the enzyme. The time course of the reaction is significantly affected by the substrate .alpha.-ketoglutarate, which afforded complete protection against the loss of catalytic activity. The kinetic studies shows that phenelzine reacts with the cofactor of enzyme with a second-order rate constant of $2.1{\times}10^3M^{-1}s^{-1}$. It is postulated that the antidepressant/antipanic drug phenelzine is able to elevate the neurotransmitter GABA levels in central nervous system by inhibitory action on GABA degradative enzyme GABA transaminase.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.192-198
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• 1998

In this study, we intended to evaluate the modulatory effects of natural products, ${\beta}-carotene$, aloesin and semiessential amino acid, taurine on the toxicitiy of paraquat. In the taurine treated groups, serem glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (s-GOT), serem glutamic pyruvic transaminase (s-GPT). blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in serum and MDA, ALP activity, collagen in lung tissue were decreased to the normal values. In the aloesin treated groups, s-GPT, BUN, creatinine, MDA level in serum were decreased to the normal values significantly. In the ${\beta}-carotene$ treated group, only s-GPTactivity was reduced to the normal values. In the lung tissue of taurine treated groups, MDA value, G-6-phosphatase activity and collagen synthesis were recovered to the normal valuse and ALP activity was increase about 40%. From these results, we concluded that taurine is an effective agent to inhibit the pulmonary and internal organs toxicities induced by paraquat and the inhibition effects of taurine are due to remove free radicals directly.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.300-306
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• 2005

Tamoxifen citrate is an anti-estrogenic drug used for the treatment of breast cancer. It showed a degree of hepatic carcinogenesis, when it used for long term as it can decrease the hexose monophosphate shunt and thereby increasing the incidence of oxidative stress in liver rat cells leading to liver injury. In this study, a model of liver injury in female rats was done by intraperitoneal injection of tamoxifen in a dose of 45 mg/kg body weight for 7 successive days. This model produced a state of oxidative stress accompanied with liver injury as noticed by significant declines in the antioxidant enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and reduced glutathione concomitant with significant elevations in TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) and liver transaminases; sGPT (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase) and sGOT (serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase) levels. The oral administration of dimethyl dimethoxy biphenyl dicarboxylate (DDB) in a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight daily for 10 successive days, resulted in alleviation of the oxidative stress status of tamoxifen-intoxicated liver injury in rats as observed by significant increments in the antioxidant enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and reduced glutathione concomitant with significant decrements in TBARS and liver transaminases; sGPT and sGOT levels. The administration of DDB before tamoxifen intoxication (as protection) is more little effective than its curative effect against tamoxifen-induced liver injury. The data obtained from this study speculated that DDB can mediate its biochemical effects through the enhancement of the antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced glutathione level as well as decreasing lipid peroxides.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.327-332
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• 2001

The antifibrotic effects of hot water extract (WEC), intracellular biopolymer (IPC) and extracellular biopolymers (EPC) from mycelial liquid culture of Cordyceps militaris on liver fibrosis were studied. Liver fibrosis was induced by a bile duct ligation and scission (BDL/S) operation, duration of 4 weeks in rats. In BDL/S rats, the levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin in serum and hydroxyproline content in liver were dramatically increased. The WEC or IPC treatment (30mg/kg/day for 4 weeks, p.o.) in BDL/S rats reduced the serum AST, ALT and ALP levels significantly (p<0.01). The EPC treatment (30 mg/kg /day for 4 weeks, p.o.) reduced the serum ALT, AST and ALP levels significantly (p<0.01). Malondialdehyde contents in liver treated with WEC, IPC or EPC were significantly reduced (p <0.05). But Liver hydroxyproline content was decreased only in EPC treated BDL/S rats to 55% that of BDL/S control rats (p < 0.01). The morphological characteristics and expression of alpha smooth muscle like actin in fibrotic liver, which appeared in BDL/S control group were improved in EPC treated fibrotic liver. These results indicate that IPC (30 mg/kg /day for 4 weeks, p.o.) has an antifibrotic effect on fibrotic rats induced by BDL/S.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.130-134
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• 2005

This study was conducted by surveying 616 male workers living in Ulsan City regarding their health status based on lifestyles such as alcohol consumption, smoking and exercising as well as physical measurements and biochemical tests. The average height, weight and BMI(body mass index, $kg/m^2$) of the subjects was 170.9cm, 70.2kg and 24.2, respectively. The rate of drinking was $80.9\%$ and the rate of smoking was $53.4\%$. Seventy four percent of subjects responded that they exercise regularly. The results of the blood biochemical tests revealed that the average hemoglobin concentration was 14.7g/dl, and the levels of GPT(glutamic pyruvic transaminase) and GOT (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) were 32.74unit/l, 26.99 unit/l, respectively. The average hemoglobin concentration for the subjects aged in the 50s was 14.39g/dl, which was significantly lower than those in the 20s(14.81g/dl), 30s(14.69g/dl) and 40s(14.73g/dl). The blood glucose level and the cholesterol level also increased with age. Also investigated was the blood pressure of the subjects increased with age,. and there was a significant increase(p < 0.05) for the subjects in the 50s compared to those in the 20s. The frequency of alcoholic beverages was significantly correlated with systolic/ diastolic blood pressure(p < 0.05) and $\gamma-GTP(gamma\;glutamyl\; transpeptidase)$(p<0.01). The duration of smoking showed a negative correlation(p < 0.05) with the hemoglobin and positive correlations with diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol and $\gamma-GTP(p<0.01)$. The study shows that blood pressure, blood glucose level, cholesterol level, GOT, GPT and $\gamma­GTP$ level, increase with age, which indicates higher possibility of degenerative diseases, calling for nutritional education in terms of advisable lifestyles regarding eating habits, alcohol consumption, smoking and regular exercise.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1282-1288
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• 2016

Artemisia, a plant widely used as traditional herbal medicine in many countries, has drawn attention of the researchers. And its extracts or compounds are known to have an efficacy of antioxidant, anti-diabete, anti-cancer, anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. Sumaeyaksuk is a variant of the Artemisia argyi and major constituents are eupatilin and jaceosidin. This study was performed to investigate the effects of the sumaeyaksuk aqueous extract on inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. To examine the potential hepatoprotective properties of sumaeyaksuk extract, cell viability, as well as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels, alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities, were measured. Cytotoxic activity of extracts on HepG2 cells was measured by MTT assay. Sumaeyaksuk extract did not induce cytotoxicity at concentrations of $0{\sim}400{\mu}g/mL$. NO and ROS levels significantly decreased with increasing concentration of the extract. The secretion levels of M-CSF and IL-8 were suppressed by sumaeyaksuk extract in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, ALT (75.4%) and AST (61.6%) levels significantly decreased in sumaeyaksuk extract-treated cells at $400{\mu}g/mL$. These results suggested that the sumaeyaksuk extract attenuates the LPS-induced hepatotoxicity resulting from regulation of inflammatory factors and could potentially be used as a hepatitis therapeutic agent.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.937-949
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• 2008

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the anti-hepatotoxic effect of ginseng in rats induced with CC14 or TCDD, the toxicities that cause liver damages. Primary studies were collected from the ScienceDirect database, the DBpia, and the KISS. The data on the effect factors in plasma and in enzyme are listed as many as possible: The effect factors were alanine transaminase(ALT), aspartate transaminase(AST), liver aminopyrine N-demethylase(AD), liver aniline hydroxylase(AH), liver 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine(liver MDA), cytochrome P450(P450), serum alkaline phosphatase(ALP), serum lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), cytochrome b5(Cyto b5), glutathione reductase (GR), Liver glutathione S-transferase(GST), liver glutamyltransferase (GT), Liver($\gamma$-GCS), serum liver 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine(serum MDA), serum sorbitol dehydrogenase(SDH), serum total protein(TP), and serum $\gamma$-glutamyltransferase($\gamma$-GT). In order to investigate the effect of ginseng, the standard mean difference(HG) between the group of rats induced with toxicity(RH) and the group of rats induced with ginseng(RHG) were combined, and the significance of HGs were tested. The combined HGs checked the biases caused by heterogeneity among studies and the publication biases. Then they were adjusted by using the random effect model and trim and fill method. Although the publication biases were assumed, among all plasma factors the HGs of ALT, AST, serum MDA, SDH, TP, and $\gamma$-GT were significant, and among all enzyme factors the HGs of liver MDA, Cyto b5, GR, GST, and GT were significant. The treatment with ginseng significantly affected the plasma and enzyme levels in rats induced with toxicity.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2015

Juvenile Paralichthys olivaceus (mean length $17.3{\pm}2.2cm$, mean weight $46.5{\pm}6.3g$) were exposed for 10 days to tributyltin (TBT) at various concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4 and $8{\mu}g/L$). Hematological parameters, such as red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit (Ht), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, were considerably decreased by high TBT concentrations. In plasma constituents, inorganic components such calcium and magnesium were also significantly altered. Plasma calcium was notably decreased, whereas plasma magnesium was increased. The enzyme components, glutamic oxalate transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT), were significantly decreased by TBT exposure. The present findings suggest that TBT exposure can cause significant alterations in hematological parameters and plasma constituents of flatfish Paralichthys olivaceus.