• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.129-150
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• 2023

Purpose - This study is based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and aims to explore the decision-making mechanisms of consumers participating in value co-creation activities within virtual brand communities. Methodology - The research involved a comprehensive survey of 405 participants from various virtual brand communities. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used for data analysis, applying SPSS and AMOS to test the hypotheses. The study focused on community rules and regulations, community experience and community trust. Results - The research found that community rules and regulations significantly impact subjective norms and perceived behavioral control, but not directly influence consumer attitudes. Community experience positively affected consumer attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. Community trust was found to positively influence these aspects of consumer decision-making. However, a gap was identified in the direct influence of perceived behavioral control on actual consumer behavior. Implications - The findings of this study contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of factors affecting consumer behavior in virtual brand communities. It underscores the necessity for community managers to develop strategies that consider these internal decision-making mechanisms, facilitating more effective community engagement. The study also identifies a potential area for future research in the direct influence of perceived behavioral control on actual consumer behavior.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.48-53
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• 2001

In Korea, the modification of working conditions of the train crews, with the launch of the KTX, demands a new set of regulations. The analysis on the french case will be a first step, in spite of socio-economical differences between Korea and France, in making new rules for the train crews of the KTX.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.12-18
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• 2023

Objectives: Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an essential means for protecting workers against hazardous agents or risks that threaten their safety and health. Governmental organizations related to safety and health in the workplace regulate the PPE rules to protect workers and to minimize damage from hazardous agents. This study discussed current PPE rules overseen by the Korea Ministry of Environment and explores future perspectives on the matter. Methods: This study was based on a review of PPE regulations with which every stakeholder should comply in the workplace. Both South Korean regulations enforced by the Ministry of Employment and Labor and the Ministry of Environment and cases from other countries were reviewed. Results: Regulations related to the PPE required for handling chemical substances in the workplace are enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Act, Enforcement Decree, Enforcement Rules, and Notification of Protective Equipment Certification under the Ministry of Employment and Labor. The Ministry of Environment also regulates the PPE standards for 97 substances requiring preparation for accidents and adjustment of work conditions, but a recent amendment (partially amended on September 30, 2022) loosened some unreasonable or excessive provisions. It requires workers simply to carry or otherwise keep PPE handy instead of wearing it for some tasks in which hazardous chemicals are not handled directly. Conclusions: It is important to regularly review provisions that need to be improved or supplemented to help all stakeholders. Considerations should be also made to build a reasonable regulatory system that can induce more mature safety management in each workplace.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제51권
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• pp.3-54
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• 2011

The important and main purpose of revision of Incoterms rules are to adapt it to contemporary commercial practice in world trade, and to contribute to great service to foreign trade. Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 revision basically focuses on trade terms to be used for any mode or modes of transport at compared Incoterms 2000 gouping in four basically different categories, and presents trade terms to be used for traditionally seaborn trade. Therefore the former is for trading in manufactured goods involved in containerization, the latter is for trading in community. This study focuses on a motive of revisions and main features of the Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 rules, an outline, the problems and alternative of them. In conclusion, I would like present as follows; (1) Although they only concerned the models of delivery and critical point, they only say a few of the many factors of a sale contract, that is to say for the devision of fuctions, costs and risks between the contracting parties as supplement law, but the guestion of the legal position of Incoterms rules is various in different countries and scholars. in spite of that, it must focus on the practical application and the wide acceptance of Incoterms rules in world trade. (2) Although they present more simple and clear, unfricative, than Incoterms 2000 rules, in order to help users, the need to unify consistently and fully explanate in contents and expression. (3) Introduction and guidance note of Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 rules basically focuses on the understanding of a motive of revisions as compared Incoterms 2000 rules. But it is well advised to do this on the assumption of understanding the various basic meaning of terms. (4) finally, trade concerned regulations take account of the reflection for the application to domestic and international trade according to formally reconization of availability for both trade.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.117-129
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• 2024

In this paper, we survey recent trends of International Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) organizations such as the International Committee on GNSS (ICG), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), International Maritime Organization (IMO), and International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and investigate their impact on the maritime and aviation sectors. Each international organization promotes international cooperation, improvement of service quality, assurance of security, compliance with international regulations, and technological innovation and development. ICG develops a variety of satellite navigation enhancement systems. ICAO establishes international aviation regulations and standards to enhance aviation safety and security. IMO establishes international shipping conventions and rules to protect and regulate the shipping environment. Lastly, ITU establishes international communication regulations and standards. Investigation of such international organizations plays an important role in increasing the efficiency and reliability of GNSS systems. Each international organization promotes international cooperation, improvement of service quality, assurance of security, compliance with international regulations, and technological innovation and development. In the future, interoperability and compatibility with new satellite navigation systems and other GNSS and satellite navigation enhancement systems must be secured, so and thus investigation of international organizations must be conducted first.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.152-168
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• 2021

Purpose - This paper has an objective to suggest reasonable criteria in choosing Incoterms 2020 rules for efficient and effective logistics management in that the Incoterms rules affect not only the rights and obligations of the parties to the sales contract but also the control and management of logistics system and transaction costs in the transaction. Design/methodology - An analysis of the various factors is needed to assess the positive or negative impact on global value chain in choosing Incoterms rules from a total logistics view. This study analyzes the impact of which the content of individual incoterms rules can have on the operation of international logistics systems under the global value chain from a strategic perspective to suggest reasonable criteria for selection of Incoterms rules depending on the transaction situation. Findings - Results of this study shows that consideration of various aspects which includes the characteristics of the products, logistics capabilities, infrastructure, transaction volume, operational cost, customs regulations, tax and accounting should be reflected in choosing the appropriate Incoterms rules. Therefore, in order to minimize the total cost and improve logistics performance, it may be helpful to develop a decision support model which allows users to select appropriate Incoterms rules based on various influencing factors. Originality/value - This Study is different from previous research which has mainly focused on the rights and obligations of the parties to the transaction regarding the transfer of risks and costs under the Incoterms. In addition, this study has significance in that it provides implications for export and import companies that can be able to use Incoterms as a strategic tool to efficiently manage the global value chain and improve supply chain performance.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제57권
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• pp.35-60
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• 2013

The Incoterms which is one of the most useful international instrument for sale of goods provides when a contract goods deliver, risk passes and how costs are allocated between seller and buyer on the contract as long as they agree to use a rule of the Incoterms rules. The Incoterms rules have come into effective to use for an international or domestic trade of goods since January 2011, which have been modified several times since these established by ICC in 1936. The origin of Incoterms rules may had been appeared from English traditional FOB terms that had been affected to American regulations for the sale of goods. The Incoterms rules which had been started from the traditional English FOB terms and American FOB terms have been expanded other trade terms, such as CIF. Although FOB is based on the COD(Cash on Delivery), it is possible replaced COD to CAD(Cash against Delivery) through the use of Bill of Lading and Letter of Credit in the international sale of goods between seller and buyer according to the development of infrastructures on the international commercial transactions. This article exercises the process of transition of the Incoterms rules, being based on the English and American traditional FOB contract form through review literatures, judical precedents and provisions. Then this article provides some feasible alternatives to attempting to resolve some regulation problems of FCA, CPT, CIP, and D-rules in the Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010.

• 한국정보시스템학회지:정보시스템연구
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.65-84
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• 2021

Purpose Based on the development of artificial intelligence and big data technologies, the RegTech has been emerged to reduce regulatory costs and to enable efficient supervision by regulatory bodies. The word RegTech is a combination of regulation and technology, which means using the technological methods to facilitate the implementation of regulations and to make efficient surveillance and supervision of regulations. The purpose of this study is to describe the recent adoption of RegTech and to provide basic examples of applying RegTech to capital market regulations. Design/methodology/approach English-based ontology and deep learning technologies are quite developed in practice, and it will not be difficult to expand it to European or Latin American languages that are grammatically similar to English. However, it is not easy to use it in most Asian languages such as Korean, which have different grammatical rules. In addition, in the early stages of adoption, companies, financial institutions and regulators will not be familiar with this machine-based reporting system. There is a need to establish an ecosystem which facilitates the adoption of RegTech by consulting and supporting the stakeholders. In this paper, we provide a simple example that shows a procedure of applying RegTech to recognize and interpret Korean language-based capital market regulations. Specifically, we present the process of converting sentences in regulations into a meta-language through the morpheme analyses. We next conduct deep learning analyses to determine whether a regulatory sentence exists in each regulatory paragraph. Findings This study illustrates the applicability of RegTech-based ontology and deep learning technologies in Korean-based capital market regulations.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.219-223
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• 2008

In 2006, as a means to minimize early corrosion failure of ships, thus to enhance marine safety, International Maritime Organization (IMO), proposed a mandatory regulation for Performance Standards for the Protective Coatings (PSPC) for ballast tanks of newly built ships to satisfy 15 years of target useful life. In this regulation, several unprecedented strict rules are adopted as minimum, mandatory requirements for protective coatings of ship's water ballast tanks, and all type of ships sailing international sea are subjected to this regulation which is to be effective as early as June of 2008. The PSPC addresses many technical issues in the areas of surface pretreatment (primary and secondary), coating materials, coating application procedure and inspection as well as necessary documentation. The PSPC rules are new and unproven concepts, which calls for rigorous incorporation of reality-based evidences currently available, since there are no practical experiences in terms of the validity of the PSPC rules. There has been much controversy surrounding these regulations and considerable effort has been made by both shipyards and ship owners alike to achieve a performance standard for ballast tank coatings, which is acceptable to all. In this paper, the background and overview of the PSPC rules are given, and several issues in the PSPC are reviewed as a base to achieve robustness of the proposed PSPC, which will serve as a means to minimize early corrosion and to ensure 15 year target useful life of ships.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.99-143
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• 2016

General aviation and air transport are two wings of the civil aviation industry. Chinese air transport is developing rapidly, and has become the world second air transport system only second to US since 2005. However, Chinese civil aviation is far behind the world average level, and cannot meet requirements of economic construction and social development. The transition and structural adjustment of Chinese economy provide the general aviation with a unprecedented broad market. The prospect of general aviation is promising and anticipated. The development of general aviation industry needs the legislative supports, and the current legislative conditions of Chinese general aviation are undoubtedly far behind the realistic requirements. Accelerating the legislation in Chinese general aviation industry requires scientific legislation concept. First, Legislation must promote development of general aviation industry. The general aviation will serves as a Chinese emerging industry that boosts domestic demand, promotes employment and expedite domestic economic development. We should, based on both the concept of promoting the industrial development of general aviation and national industrial planning, enact and rectify relative laws and regulations. And we should also straighten out the relationship between aviation security and industrial development and promote the revolution of low-altitude airspace management in an all-round way, in order to improve the utilization rate of airspace resources, classify and establish airspace, simplify examination and approval procedure and intensify operation management. In addition, what we should do is to expedite the infrastructure layout construction, guide the differentiated but coordinated development of general aviation industries in various areas, establish a united supervision mechanism of general aviation, redistrict the responsibilities of Chinese Air Control Agency and set up legislation, law enforcement and judicial systems with clarified institutions, clear positioning and classified responsibilities, so as to usher in a new era of the legislative management of Chinese general aviation industry. Second, shift the focus from regulations to both regulations and services. Considering the particularity of the general aviation, we should use American practices for reference and take into account both regulation and service functions when enacting general aviation laws. For example, we should reduce administrative licensing and market supervision, and adopt "criteria" and "approval" management systems for non-commercial and commercial aviation. Furthermore, pay attention to social benefits. Complete social rescuing mechanism through legislation. It should be clarified in legislation that general aviation operators should take the responsibilities of, and ensure to realize social benefits of environmental protection and ecological balance .Finally, rise in line with international standards. Modify Chinese regulations which is inconsistent with international ones to remove barriers to international cooperation. Specify basic legislative principles. One is the principle of coordination. Realize coordination between the civil aviation and general aviation, between military aviation and civil aviation, and among departments. Two is the principle of pertinence. The general aviation has its own rules and specialties, needing to be standardized using specialized laws and regulations. Three is the principle of efficiency. To realize time and space values of general aviation, we should complete rules in aerospace openness, general aviation airport construction, general aviation operations, and regulation enforcement. Four is the principle of security. Balance the maximum use of resources of Chinese airspace and the according potential threats to Chinese national interests and social security, and establish a complete insurance system which functions as security defense and indemnificatory measure. Establish a unified legal system. Currently, the system of Chinese general aviation laws consists of national legislation, administrative laws and regulations and civil aviation regulations (CAR). Some problems exist in three components of the system, including too general content, unclear guarantee measures, incomplete implementation details, and lacking corresponding pertinence and flexibility required by general aviation regulations, stringency of operation management and standards, and uniformity of standards. A law and regulation system, centered on laws and consisting of administrative laws regulations, industrial regulations, implementation details, industrial policies and local laws and regulations, should be established. It is suggested to modify the Civil Aviation Law to make general aviation laws complete, enact the Regulations of General Aviation Development, and accelerate the establishment, modification and abolition of Chinese general aviation laws to intensify the coordination and uniformity of regulations.