• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈D:수학교육연구
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.261-282
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• 2019

The research related to testing pupils' achievement in the field of Measurement and Measure in initial teaching of geometry points to an insufficient adoption of the basic components of the length measurement concept among pupils. In order to discover the cause, we looked at the basic components on which the procedure of measuring length using a ruler is based, highlighted the possibilities of introducing the procedure in measuring length, and determined pupils' achievement during the procedure of measuring length using a ruler. The research sample consisted of 145 pupils, out of which 72 were the 2^nd grade pupils and 73 were the 4^th grade pupils. A descriptive method was applied in the research. The technique we used was testing, and for the statistical data processing we used a χ² test. The results of the research show that, when drawing a straight line of a given length using a ruler, there is no statistical difference in achievement between the 2^nd and 4^th grade pupils, nor in the pupils' knowledge regarding drawing a ruler independently, while drawing a straight line of a given length using a "broken" ruler 4^th grade pupils are statistically better. The results of the research indicate that pupils' achievement is better in doing standard tasks than in non-standard ones, given that the latter require conceptual knowledge. The components of the concept of length measurement using ruler have not been sufficiently developed yet, and these include: zero-point, partitioning a measured object in a series of consecutive measurement units and their iteration. We shed more light on the critical stage in the procedure of length measurement - the transition from non-standard to standard units and the formation of the length measurement scale. For further research, we propose to look at the formation of the concept of length measurement using the ruler through all its components and their inclusion in the mathematics curriculum, as well as examining the correlation of pupils' achievement in the procedure of measuring length with their achievement in measuring area (and volume).

• 복식
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• 제30권
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• pp.201-210
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• 1996

The perpose of this study is to compare and to analyze the characters of the shape of up-per arm and armscye line between young and aged women. The subjects were measured with the Mar-tin's anthropometer and with free curve ruler. 10 items in the shape of upper arm were measured and 16 items in the shape of armscye line measured indirectly based on the measured shape taken from the subjects with free curve ruler and both date were analyzed. Mean standard deviation f-test factor analysis were performed for the statistical analysis of the date. The main results were as follows: 1) The shape of the upper arm is long and narrow in youg women compared with aged. 2) The length of the axilla of the aged women were longer than that of young women. 3) There are significant differences young and aged women on the shape of armscye line. THe length of from the front point of axilla to shoulder point width and depth of the shape of the armscye line length of axilla of aged women were longer than that of young. but the length of from the back point of axilla to shoulder point of yyoung women was longer than aged. 4.) The front point of axilla was existed lower than back point of axilla in aged women while front point of axilla was existed higher than the back point in young. 5) Through the factor analysis two factors were obtained from the shape of the upper arm and five factors from the shape on armmscye line in both groups. Factor compornents in the shape of the up per arm were length width and girth of that and in the shape of the armscye line were width and length of upper and lower back and front part of the shape of the armscye line depth of the axilla. he items in the same factor were resemble each other between two groups.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.78-88
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• 2024

Background: This study was to investigate effects of flat-back posture during inhalation compared to normal posture, focusing on the expansion of the chest and the activation of neck muscles. Design: Case-control study. Methods: Thirty subjects participated in this study. Plumb line distances and Sagittal index were measured using a ruler and a laser level in the standing position to evaluate and classify thoracic kyphosis of the subjects. Chest expansion was measured using a ruler, and surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activity around the neck and shoulders during inhalation. Correlation analysis and independent t-tests were conducted to compare chest expansion and muscle activity around the neck between subjects with flat-back posture and those with normal posture during inhalation. Results: The correlation analysis showed a statistically significant positive correlation between Sagittal index and chest expansion at the level of the xiphoid process (r=.558, p<.05), and a statistically significant negative correlation between Sagittal index and activity of the upper trapezius at the onset of inhalation (r=-.368, p<.05). Independent t-test results indicated significant differences between the flat-back posture group and the normal posture group in the circumference of the xiphoid process at rest (p<.05) and in the activity of the upper trapezius at the onset of inhalation (p<.05). Conclusion: Flat-back posture influences a decrease in chest expansion and at the same time increases the muscle activity of the upper trapezius muscle at the beginning of inspiration.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2008년도 학술대회 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
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• pp.280-281
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• 2008

본 논문은 큰 구조물의 3파인 영상 재구성을 위해서 획득한 2차원 영상에서 특징점을 찾아 선으로 조합한 후 선 길이 정보를 추출하는 방법을 제안한다. 거대한 구조물의 외곽선 길이 정보 추출을 위해서는 광각 카메라에 의한 영상을 획득한다. 영상에서의 외곽선들은 모델의 기울어진 정보와 형태, 모델의 크기 등을 결정하게 되는데 광각카메라 사용에 의하여 배럴왜곡, 원근투영왜곡 등이 발생한다. 외곽선 정보 추출의 순서는 먼저모델의 2차원영상을 획득하고 이로부터 왜곡이 보정된 그레이영상을 획득한다. 이 그레이영상에서 잡음을 제거하고 특징점을 찾기 위하여 SUSAN 알고리즘을 사용한다. SUSAN알고리즘 기법은 적은 계산량과 잡음에 매우 강한 장점이 있어서 영상에서의 특징점을 얻기 위한 효과적인 기법이다. 특징점을 3차원 벡터공간에서 맵핑시킨 후 X, Y, Z 좌표축으로 점과 선으로 나타내고 시작점과 끝점의 좌표를 이용하여 벡터 길이를 얻는다. 이러한 벡터 데이터와 3차원 영상 재구성을 위한 라이브러리인 OpenGL을 사용하여 3차원 공간에 거대한 구조물들을 재구성하는 소프트웨어를 개발하였다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.367-378
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to utilize of the CAD system in pattern making process for women's bodice sloper, especially in education of the drafting. Accumark 540 System was used for this study. The drafting program was developed by the use of macro program in CAD system. The results from this study : 1. The Lim Won Ja's system of bodice sloper was selected in this study. The hand drafting of the system was arranged developing the macro program of bodice sloper. 2. The program consists of eight subprograms I sequence of the drafting order. In running this developed program, proper figure is drafted by inputing data. And the drafting process is automatically presented in interactive mode. 3. It has been developed to input the function of French Curve Ruler to increase the effectiveness of curved line treatment. The program can also be used in the curve part to present the manualy sensible function. 4. In case of education of drafting bodice sloper, the program provides the high accuracy, efficiency and a strong interest nterest in pattern making process by utilizing CAD system.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.361-376
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the head and neck postre and the cervical curvature, especially in forward head postrue(FHP). Sixty patients with craniomandibular disorders and thirty dental students without any signs and symptoms of craniomandibular disordres participated in this study as patient groups and sa control group, respectively. The author evaluated the head and neck posture of all subjects by plumb line and CROM( Cervical Ragne of Motion), and had taken cephaograph in natural head position. On the cephalograph the angle of cervical inclination formed by true horizntal plane and 4th cervical vertebra(C4) and the radius of cervical curvature from C1 to C5 were measured. A specially designed ruler was used for measuring cervical curvature. Occlusal contac number and force with T-scan system, electromygraphic activity of cervical muscles with Bio-EMG, and distance of freeway space with Bio-ECN were recorded, respectively. The collected data were processed by SAS/STAT progrm. The obtained results were as follows : 1. In subjects with longer radius which was less cervical curvature, head positioned more anteriorly than subjects with smaller radius, and they showed slightly straight cervical vertebra. 2. Between the patients and the control group, there were no differences in cervical curvature, in forward head position by plumb line and in CROM. But the patient group had a greater cervical inclination than the control group had. 3. There were positive correlation between cervical curvature and forward head position by plumbline,between forward head position y plumb line and that by CROM in patient group. The cervical inclination, however, had negative correlation with cervical curvature, and with forward head postion by plumb line, respectively. 4. In case of showing more cervical curvature and more forward head position by plumb line the head position was defined as forward head posture. In patient group, subjects without forward head posture showed greater posterior teeth contact force than subjects with forward head posture, but in control group, there were no difference between the two subjects. 5. There were higher electromyographic activity in almost all muscles and smaller freeway space in induced forward head posture than those in natural head position in subjects without forward head posture. In conclusion, head position of patients with craniomandibular disorders were not more anterior than that of normal control person, but they had tendency to head extension. From the result of this study, forward head posture could be defined as posterior rotation of upper cervical segment with a straight lower cercial segment due to loss of normal lordosis.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.393-405
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effects of changes of head posture and cervical spine shape on the mandibular resting or clenching electromyographic(EMG) activity in anterior temporalis(TA), masseter(MM), sternocleidomastoid muscle(SCM) and trapezius insertion(TI). 30 patients with Temporomandibular Disorders(TMDs) participated in this study. EMG activity($\mu$V) at rest and clenching was observed in four head postures, namely natural head posture(NHP), forward head posture(FHP), upward head posture(UHP), and downward head posture(DHP). For taking in upward or downward head posture head was inclined 10$^{\circ}$ upward or downward and CROM$^\textregistered$(cervical-range-of motion, Performance attainment Inc., USA) was used to maintain same posture during the procedure, and BioEMG$^\textregistered$ (Bioelectromyograph, Bioresearch Inc., USA) was used to record EMG activity in the above four muscles at eight locations on both sides. The recorded EMG activity($\mu\textrm{V}$) were compared and analyzed by cervical spine shape such as the head position from plum line, cervical curvature, and cervical inclination. Head position from plum line was measured in vertical plate calibrated with cm scale, comical curvature by radius was measured with adjustable curved ruler, and cervical inclination by cervical vertebrae tangent(CVT)was measured in lateral cephalograph. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Mean value of head position from plum line, cervical curvature, and cervical inclination were 4.8cm, 26.7cm, and 86.6$^{\circ}$, respectively, And There were no correlationship among these items. 2. For resting EMG activity by head posture, the value in anterior temporalis was higher at FHP than at DHP, the value in masseter was higher at FHP than at NHP, and DHP, the value in sternocleidomastoid muscle was higher at UHP than at NHP, and the value in trapezius insertion was higher at FHP and DHP than, NHP and UHP. The clenching EMG activity, however, did not show any difference by head posture. 3. Comparison of resting and clenching EMG activity between higher and lower groups by head position from plum line, cervical curvature, and cervical inclination did not show any significant difference. From this result, the author concluded that the cervical spine shape had not significantly affected to EMG activity in usual patients with TMDs.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2013

This study aimed to develop an algorithm to determine the optimal injection position in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus when a vaccine is injected into the fish by using a vision-based automatic equipment measruing the total length (TL), width and weight of the fish. Over a 5-month period, 500 olive flounders were examined to analyze the relation of the fish size and to the shape and location of its abdomen, using radiography, a ruler plate and scale. There were significant correlations between the TL and the shape and location of the abdomen. The abdomen was located 0.232TL - 2.7221 mm ($R^2$=0.8787) from the end of the mouth of the fish. The height and width of the abdomen in the fish were 0.1292TL + 1.8768 mm ($R^2$=0.7935) and 0.183TL-5.9791 mm ($R^2$=0.8641), respectively. The injection point in the abdominal region avoiding organs was determined by calculating the center of gravity of the abdomen volume. This can be expressed as g (0.2759TL - 2.0965, 0.1295TL - 4.2325) on the basis of TL line coordinates. The injection point by the expressed coordinates had errors for the x and y axes as 12.15 mm and 8.28 mm, respectively. These were enough to use the algorithm to injection for the equipment. This automated method to determine the position of any part in the fish can also be used for other purposes, for example, intramuscular injection or auto-tagging of fish.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

Nebulin, a giant modular protein from muscle, is thought to act as molecular ruler in sarcomere assembly. In skeletal muscle, the C-terminal ${\sim}50 kDa$ region of nebulin extends into the Z-line lattice. The most recent studies implicated highlighting its extensive isoform diversity and exciting reports revealed its expression in cardiac and non-muscle tissues containing brain. Also these novel findings are indicating that nebulin is actually a multifunctional filament system, perhaps playing roles in signal transduction, contractile regulation, and myofibril force generation, as well as other not yet defined functions. However the binding protein of nebulin and function in brain is still unknown. A novel binding partner of nebulin C-terminal region was identified by screening a human brain cDNA library using yeast two-hybrid system. Nebulin C-terminus binding protein 51 (NCBP51) was contained a RING-finger domain and identified a new isoform of RING finger protein 125 (RNF125). The interaction was confirmed using the GST pull-down assay. NCBP51 belongs to a family of the RING finger proteins and its function remains to be identified in brain. The role of nebulin and NCBP51 will be studied by loss-of-function using siRNA technique in brain.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.167-172
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• 2001

Nebulin is an approximately 700 kDa filamentous protein in vertebrate skeletal muscle. It binds to the Z line and also binds side-by-side to the entire thin actin filament in a sarcomere. The correlation of nebulin size with thin filament length have led to the suggestion that nebulin acts as a molecular ruler for the length of thin filaments. The C-terminal part of human nebulin is anchored in the sarcomeric Z-disk and contains an SH3 domain. SH3 domains have been identified in an ever-increasing number of proteins important for a wide range of cellular processes, from signal transduction to cytoskeleton assembly and membrane localization. However, the exact physiological role of SH3 domains remains, in many cases, unclear. To explore the role of nebulin SH3 in the cytoskeletal rearrangement that accompanies myoblast differentiation, we transfected sense and antisense nebulin SH3 domain fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein in myoblast. Cells expressing nebulin SH3 fragment showed decrease of cell-cell adhesion, and cells transfected with antisense nebulin SH3 gene showed a rounded cell morphology and loss of cell-matrix adhesion. No alteration in cell shape and differentiation were observed in control cells expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein. Perturbation of nebulin altered the cell shape and disrupted cell adhesion in myoblast, demonstrating that nebulin can affect cytoskeleton rearrangement.