• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.420-428
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• 1988

Root is supposed to be important role in growth and yield formation of soybeans and also there is expected to exist varietal differences between soybean root morphology and system. 30 soybean varieties including 10 Korean recommended, 10 Introduced and 10 Korean native varieties were grown at field and pot under standard culture condition. Top and root characteristics were investigated at V4, R1 and R5 stage and T/R relations, correlations with yield were calculated. Top characteristics showed significant difference between 3 variety groups of Korean recommended, Introduced and Korean native variety. Stem length at R1 stage and stem length, stem diameter, number of nodes, number of branches, number of pods and grain yield at R5 stage were significantly different top characteristics. Root characteristics showed significant difference between 3 variety groups were number of thick primary root at V4 stage, primary root angle and root cutting strength at R1 stage, thick root diameter and root dry weight at R5 stage. The correlations between top and root characteristics and soybean yield was greatly different by soybean variety groups, and the top characteristics was more highly correlated then root characteristics. All the top and root characteristics of Korean recommended variety showed no correlations with yield. However, leaf area, stem length, top dry weight in Introduced variety and leaf area, top dry weight, number of nodes, number of thick primary root in Korean native variety were highly correlated with soybean yield.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.82-90
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• 1984

The Present study was undertaken to obtain the basic information on the development of multistem varieties of ginseng. The root weight per plant of multi-stem ginseng was hi燥or than that of single stem ginseng, and it was found that the greater variance due to the growing area was clear in the frequency of multistem plant. The broad heritability estimate for the number of steams was lower with the increase of the age of ginseng. The number of stems per plant was positively correlated with the number of branch roots, number of dormancy buds, and root weight. However, the root diameter was negatively correlated with the number of stems is per plant. Based on path analysis, the number of branch roots and dormancy buds showed the maximum indirect positive effects on the number of stems.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.299-306
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• 2010

The use of local seed provenance is often recommended in forest restoration. Early vigor is a combination of the performance of seed germination and emergence after planting. The ability of young Brant's oak plants to grow and develop after emergence and its dependence on local habitat conditions was investigated in this study. The effects of seed source and shade on early growing seedlings of Brant's oak (Quercus brantii L.) were determined in field measurements. Seeds of Quercus brantii L. were collected from 4 forest areas (seed sources) in southern Zagros (Provinces of Kohkilouyeh-Bouyer Ahmad and Fars) at altitudes of 850, 1,100, 1,500, 2,100 m a.s.l., and planted in a nursery constructed in southwestern Iran. According to a split-plot design consisting of four blocks, each containing two main treatment plots (no shading, partial shading), each main plot was sub-divided into four sub-plots (for elevations of 850, 1,100, 1,500 and 2,100 m). Results showed that shade treatments had significant effects on emergence percentage and rate, shoot length, shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), leaf area (LA), and chlorophyll content. Ecological factors also had an effect on seed performance. Altitude of seed source had a very significant effect on root length, LA, SDW, and RDW. The seeds collected from 850 m a.s.l. elevation showed the highest performance, especially in leaf area, root length, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. Our results showed that the altitude of 850 m a.s.l. was the best for collecting Brant's oak seeds.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.145-151
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• 2005

This study was carried out to determine the optimal submerged culture conditions for production of ginseng root containing germanium using plant tissue culture technology. The ginseng (Panx ginseng C.A. Meyer) .cot induced by plant growth regulators of 0.5 mg/L BAP and 3.0 mg/L NAA was cultured on SH medium and the effects of various $GeO_2$ concentrations, addition time of $GeO_2$ and pH of medium were investigated on fresh weight, saponin production and germanium accumulation in ginseng root. Optimal $GeO_2$ concentrations for fresh weight, saponin and germanium content were 10, 0 and 110ppm, respectively. When $GeO_2$ was added after 2 weeks cultivation of ginseng root, germanium content was higher than that of adding $GeO_2$ at the initial cultivation time, but saponin content and fresh weight were lower. pH 5.5 was found to be the most favorable condition for the growth of ginseng root and germanium accumulation, but saponin production was best at pH 6.0.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.28-31
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• 1998

Nodule development was regulated partially by host plant factors originating in the shoots and roots. This study was performed to identify the origin of the factors regulating nodulation in supernodulating soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) mutant 'SS2-2' which was isolated recently from ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of 'Sinpaldalkong 2'. Self- and reciprocal-grafts were made among three soybean genotypes which consisted of two supernodulating mutants, SS2-2 and 'nts 382', and a normal nodulating Sinpaldalkong 2. Self-grafted supernodulating mutants were characterized by greater nodule number, nodule dry weight, and $C_2$H$_2$ reduction activity than self-grafted wild types. They were also characterized by relatively higher nodule to root dry weight. Significant shoot genotypic effects were observed on nodule number, nodule dry weight, and $C_2\;H_2$ reduction activity per plant, whereas varying root genotypes had no effects. From this result, it is surmised that supernodulating characters are controlled by a graft-transmissible shoot factor, and mutant SS2-2 may have similar nodulation mechanism to the former supernodulating nts 382. In all grafts, both supernodulating mutants and Sinpaldalkong 2 maintained the similar balance between above ground and below ground parts regardless of significant differences in partitioning of dry matter into root and nodule between supernodulating mutants and Sinpaldalkong 2.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.187-191
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• 2003

This paper reported the establishment of mass production system of adventitious roots of Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus through the shake flask and bio-reactor culture. Induction of adventitious roots was started from the explants of germinated somatic embryos on half-strength Murashing and Skoog (MS) solid medium. The frequency of adventitious root formation was better in the explants comprising the basal hypocotyl parts than root explants alone. Among the different auxins tested (NAA, IBA and IAA), frequency of adventitious root induction was highest on medium with 0.5 mg/L NAA, and produced $16.3\pm1.9$ roots per explant. In shake-flask culture, deletion of $NH_4NO_3$ of MS medium was effective for induction of adventitious root compared with both full and half-strength MS media. Fresh weight increase of induced adventitious roots was performed well in medium with 0.5 mg/L IBA. When adventitious roots produced in shake-flask culture were transferred to 10-liter bioreactor, 5.5 times of fresh weight increase was gained after one month of culture. HPLC analysis revealed that the amount of eleutheroside E and E1 was higher in in vitro cultured adventitious roots than the 3 year-old field cultivated root barks of Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus. The content of eltutheroside B was much lower in adventitious roots than that of field cultivated one.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.353-365
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cultural methods(cutting, flower removal) on growth and quality of B. falcatum L. Jeongseon local cultivar collected in Korea and Mishima local cultivar introduced from Japan were used. Some of the results obtained are as follows; Jeongseon local cultivar showed less stem branches and shoot weight compared to Mishima. However, Jeongseon local cultivar showed tall plant height, high root fresh and dry weight, and high levels of saikosaponin-a and total-saikosaponin, but low saikosaponin-c content than that of Mishima. Both cultivars seeded on March 20 had longer main root, bigger stem diameter, few stem branch, and high saikosaponin-c content compared with those of late seeded one, April 30. Growth characteristics such as plant height, stem diameter, stem branch number, shoot weight, root diameter, root fresh and dry weight, and root branch number were increased in a low planting $density(30{\times}15\;cm)$, but the content of saikosaponin was not affected by planting density. Jeongseon and Mishima cultivars seeded on April 10 with $30{\times}15\;cm$ planting density and April 30 with $30{\times}10\;cm$ planting density contained highest total saikosaponin levels, respectively. However, average root dry weight was not affected by planting time or density in both Bupleurum cultivars. Both cutting and flower removal increased the length of main root, fresh and root weight, and saikosaponin-a, saikosaponin-d and total-saikosaponin in Jeongseon cultivar than that of Mishima. As the harvesting time was delayed, plant height, stem diameter, shoot weight, length of main root, root fresh and dry weight were increased, but content of saikosaponin-a, saikosaponin-d and total-saikosaponin were decreased.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.207-210
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• 2008

It is very important factors to control optimal light transmission ratio and soil moisture content in order to produce good quality of ginseng seedling. To study the effect of light transmission ratio (LTR) and soil moisture content(SMC) on growth characteristics and yield of ginseng seedling, LTR was controlled by three level such as 21.2, 24.8% and 30.3%, and SMC was plotted by four level of 11.0%, 12.5%, 15.3% and 18.9% at the greenhouse. Chlorophyll content was gradually decreased in the low LTR (21.2%), while it was distinctly decreased by the decrease of SMC in excessively high LTR (30.3%). The decrease of SMC in the high LTR increased heat injury ratio distinctly, while heat injury ratio in the low LTR was only increased when SMC was very low such as 11.0%. All of fresh root weight per Kan (3.3$m^2$), root weight per plant, and the number of usable seedling were distinctly decreased by the increase of LTR and the decrease of SMC. Excessive increase of LTR in optimal SMC (18.9%) hadn't a great effect on the decrease of root weight, while root weight in low SMC was distinctly decreased by the increase of LTR. Ratio of rusty root was distinctly increased in the condition that both of LTR and SMC were high. Ratio of rusty root in the excessively high LTR was gradually fallen off by decrease of SMC, but its ratio in low SMC didn't changed distinctly by the decrease of SMC.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.78-82
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• 1996

In order to clarify effect of transplanting angle of seedling on shape and growth of ginseng root, ginseng of seedlings were transplanted with $60^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ respectively, and the root characters of 2-, 4- and 6-year-old ginseng were investigated. The length of main root with 45$^{\circ}$was above 7 cm (standard) but that of $60^{\circ}$ and $60^{\circ}$ was below 7 cm (standard). Number of good lateral root was above 2.3 ea for $45^{\circ}$, 0~$30^{\circ}$, but below 2.3 ea per plant for 60~$90^{\circ}$ respectively. Root fresh weight with $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ was heavier than that with $60^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$. Root disease infection rate was highest with $0^{\circ}$. There were, no significant difference in stem length, stem diameter, leaf area, comber of palmate leaves and leaflets per plant, ratio of missing plant, root diameter in 2-, 4- and 6-year-old ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.353-358
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• 2012

This study was conducted to enhance the propagation of Acanthopanax divaricatus and Acanthopanax koreanum through different cutting practices. For propagation by cuttings, scions were taken on September 1. This already has hard skin and showed much higher values in terms of root length, root number, rooting ratio and root weight than those taken on June 30 and August 1. Regardless of cutting date, 50% shading resulted to the highest root length, root number, root ratio and root weight. Meanwhile, 95% shading significantly reduced these parameters compared with no shading. These results suggest that over-shading may inhibit root growth. Two growth regulators, IBA (concentration of 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 ppm) and Rootone-F (0.4%) were also tested of its effect to the cuttings. Rootone-F was found to be more effective than IBA. Cutting treated with Rootone-F had slightly higher root length and root number. A. koreanum which grows well in hot climatic condition showed better rooting ability than A. divaricatus.