• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.276-281
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the cutting efficiency of a newly developed microprojection tip and a diamond-coated tip under two different engine powers. Materials and Methods: The apical 3 mm of each root was resected, and root-end preparation was performed with upward and downward pressure using one of the ultrasonic tips, KIS-1D (Obtura Spartan) or JT-5B (B&L Biotech Ltd.). The ultrasonic engine was set to power-1 or -4. Forty teeth were randomly divided into four groups: K1 (KIS-1D / Power-1), J1 (JT-5B / Power-1), K4 (KIS-1D / Power-4), and J4 (JT-5B / Power-4). The total time required for root-end preparation was recorded. All teeth were resected and the apical parts were evaluated for the number and length of cracks using a confocal scanning micrscope. The size of the root-end cavity and the width of the remaining dentin were recorded. The data were statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and a Mann-Whitney test. Results: There was no significant difference in the time required between the instrument groups, but the power-4 groups showed reduced preparation time for both instrument groups (p < 0.05). The K4 and J4 groups with a power-4 showed a significantly higher crack formation and a longer crack irrespective of the instruments. There was no significant difference in the remaining dentin thickness or any of the parameters after preparation. Conclusions: Ultrasonic tips with microprojections would be an option to substitute for the conventional ultrasonic tips with a diamond coating with the same clinical efficiency.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.273-278
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• 1998

Carbohydrate metabolism and partitioning are dependent on relationships between sources and sinks which can be affected by rates of photosynthesis and respiration. Fructan, the major form of stored carbohydrate in tall fescue (festuca arundineacea Schreb.), changes in concentration during growth and in response to the environment. Objectives of this study were i) to examine the content and the composition of carbohydrates in five tissues (mature leaf blade, immature leaf blade, leaf elongation zone, terminal meristem, and root tips) of two tall fescue genotypes, one with high yield per tiller (HYT) and one with low yield per tiller (LYT), and ii) to compare the reserved and utilized carbohydrates among above five different tissues, particularly between the leaf elongation zone and root tips. The established vegetative tillers of the HYT and LYT genotypes were grown in a controlled-environment growth chamber. Water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) in the leaf elongation zone was about 22% of dry weight in the HYT and about 19% in the LYT genotype. The root tip also had high WSC, about 12% of dry weight in the HYT and 6% in the LYT genotype. Hexoses and sucrose were the major components of total WSC in all tissues except the leaf elongation zone. The growing tissues (sinks), i.e., the leaf elongation zone and root tip, had a high proportion of low degree of polymerization fructan, i.e., 3 to 8 hexose units.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.285-296
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• 1985

To examine the differentiation and transition of vascular system in Prunus davidiana FR., the mature embyro and developing seedlings were embedded in paraplast and treated by clearing method. In mature embryo, the procambium was connected with the epicotyl-hypocotyl-radicle axis and cotyledons, whereas protophloem and protoxylem were restricted primarily to the mid-vein and two lateral veins of the cotyledonary base. With the onset of germination, protophloem and protoxylem were differentiated both acropetally and basipetally from the cotyledonary base. The first and second leaf traces appeared in the cotyledonary node, and then differentiated bidirectionally toward the epicotyl and the root tip. The 3rd to 6th leaf traces were connected with the cotyledonary traces in hypocotyl. At the part of the root tip, the xylem was a diarch. As the first and second leaf traces were superimposed at the middle part of the root, the diarch xylem was changed to a tetrarch. As the cotyledonary traces were diverged below the root base, the tetrarch xylem was changed to an octarch. It was suggested that the vascular system of the epicotyl might be superimposed on that of the cotyledon-hypocotyl-root during the formation of the primary vascular system of Prunus davidiana.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1223-1229
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• 2015

Oryzalin은 미세소관을 분열시키는 dinitroaniline계의 제초제이다. 미세소관과 미세섬유는 평형석 침강과 세포벽을 구성하는 세포골격들이다. 평형석은 뿌리 끝에 있는 columella 세포에서 중력 인지 조절을 한다. 본 연구는 oryzalin이 옥수수 일차 뿌리에서 ethylene 생성을 통하여 굴중성 반응에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 뿌리 끝 부분에 10^-4 M oryzalin의 처리는 뿌리 성장과 굴중성 반응을 저해하였으나, 신장대에 처리하게 되면 저해현상은 관찰되지 않았다. 10^-4 M oryzalin을 뿌리 끝에 15시간 처리하면 뿌리 끝의 생장이 억제되고 둥근 형태로 부풀었다. 에틸렌의 전구물질인 ACC를 뿌리 끝에 처리하여도 굴중성 반응이 억제되었다. Oryzalin의 작용과 에틸렌 생성에 대한 관련성을 연구하기 위하여 oryzalin 처리 후 에틸렌 생성을 측정하였다. Oryzalin 처리에 의해 ACC oxidase와 ACC synthase의 활성이 증가되어 에틸렌 생성이 촉진되었다. Oryzalin은 ACO와 ACS의 유전자의 발현도 증가 시켰다. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)는 굴중성 반응 동안 관찰되는 비 대칭적 신장에 중요한 역할을 한다. 이러한 연구 결과는 oryzalin이 뿌리 끝에서 IAA transport를 억제하여 뿌리 신장대의 윗면과 아랫면의 IAA 양의 차이를 감소시키고, 또한 에틸렌 생성을 촉진하며 미세소관의 배열을 방해하여 뿌리 글중성과 생장을 억제할 가능성을 제시하고 있다.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.160-166
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• 1997

전국에서 채집한 균주들 중 근권정착능력이 있는 균주를 선발하였다. 선발된 대부분의 균주들은 형광성 Pseudomonas속에 속하는 균주들이어고 이들 중 근권정착능력이 아주 우수한 B16과 V13을, 정착능력이 낮은 MC07과 X01을 시험에 공시하였다. 근권정착능력이 우수한 균주 B16과 V13은 종자 발아 초기단계에서의 증식 능력이 우수할 뿐만 아니라, 종자가 발아를 시작하여 유근이 나오는 시기에 이들의 정착밀도가 높았으며, 96시간이 지난 후에도 뿌리의 근단 부위에서 V13과 B16 균주들의 정착밀도가 높았다. 주사전자현미경(SEM)을 통하여 이들의 근권에서의 정착양상을 관찰한 결과, 정착능력이 우수한 균주들은 뿌리의 전반적인 부분에서 증식하고 근단 부위로 이동하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 그러나 정착능력이 낮은 균주들은 유근의 표면에 산발적으로 흩어져 증식한 것을 볼 수 있었다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.300-305
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• 2012

Objective : The purpose of this study is to elucidate the anatomic relationships between the uncinate process and surrounding neurovascular structures to prevent possible complications in anterior cervical surgery. Methods : Twenty-eight formalin-fixed cervical spines were removed from adult cadavers and were studied. The authors investigated the morphometric relationships between the uncinate process, vertebral artery and adjacent nerve roots. Results : The height of the uncinate process was 5.6-7.5 mm and the width was 5.8-8.0 mm. The angle between the posterior tip of the uncinate process and vertebral artery was $32.2-42.4^{\circ}$. The distance from the upper tip of the uncinate process to the vertebral body immediately above was 2.1-3.3 mm, and this distance was narrowest at the fifth cervical vertebrae. The distance from the posterior tip of the uncinate process to the nerve root was 1.3-2.0 mm. The distance from the uncinate process to the vertebral artery was measured at three different points of the uncinate process : upper-posterior tip, lateral wall and the most antero-medial point of the uncinate process, and the distances were 3.6-6.1 mm, 1.7-2.8 mm, and 4.2-5.7 mm, respectively. The distance from the uncinate process tip to the vertebral artery and the angle between the uncinate process tip and vertebral artery were significantly different between the right and left side. Conclusion : These data provide guidelines for anterior cervical surgery, and will aid in reducing neurovascular injury during anterior cervical surgery, especially in anterior microforaminotomy.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 1993

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) hairy root transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes (strain A4) was examined cytogenetically and histologically to assess its characteristics. The optimum growth of hairy root obtained in hormone-free MS medium (sucrose 30 g/L, pH5-6) for long period cultures. All hairy root strains (HB1, HB2, HB3) had the 2n diploid number (2n=48) of chromosomes in root tip cells. There were no alteration in chromosome structure except in one cell of HB3 strain. Results of SDS-PAGE showed a few difference in pattern and number of bands between normal and hairy root of ginseng. The root anatomy of normal root and hairy root differed each other. The hairy root had a clearly defined vascular strand, and the morphology of cortical cells were disorganised with large intercellular spaces.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.25-34
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• 1989

This experiment was performed to study the effect of prostaglandin $E_2$ on tooth movement and root resorption in orthodontically treated cats. Twenty five cats were divided into five groups and closed coil springs delivered 80gm were stretched between upper canine and 3rd premolar. $10{\mu}g$ of $PGE_2$ was injected locally in the submucosal area of the upper right canine, while the left side served as a control and was injected saline 0.1ml. The distance between canine tip and central cusp tip of the 3rd premolar was measured. Scanning electron photomicrographs were made of the coronal half of the distal root surface of canines and cemental craterings were observed and quantified using point-counting volumetry. Data were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and paired t-test. The results were as follows: 1. The rate of tooth movement of the $PGE_2$ side was increased, particularly at 1 day, compared with the control side. 2. The rate of tooth movement was minimum from 7 days to 10 days. 3. The resorption of root surface of the $PGE_2$ side was decreased from 4 days to 10 days, compared with the control side.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.1783-1788
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• 1994

A comparison of the temperature distributions along the wall and center of the fin and the heat loss from the fin, computed assuming the fin tip is insulated and assuming it is not insulated in a triangular fin, is performed by the two-dimensional forced analytic method. When the fin tip is not insulated, a comparison between forced analytic method and analytic method is made in the heat loss and temperature along the fin wall. The value of Biot number varies from 0.01 to 1.0. The root temperature and surrounding convection coefficients of the fin are assumed as a constant. The results are (1) the analysis on the triangular fin assuming the fin tip is insulated does not produce a good value as compared to that of not-insulated case as the non-dimensional fin length decreases and as the value of Biot number increases and (2) the errors between forced analytic method and analytic method are very small, but the former method is better for computer running time and accuracy.

• 대한치과재료학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.275-286
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 근관 내의 주사침 말단의 위치, 근관 세척액의 주입 속도, 주사침 말단의 형상이 근관 세척 시 발생하는 치근단 압력에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. 5개의 사람 하악 소구치에 근관 와동 형성 후 #35(0.06 taper) 니켈-티타늄 회전식 기구로 근관을 형성하였다. 주사침 말단의 형상에 따라 구분되는 notched, side-vented, flat 3가지 종류의 주사침을 근단 협착부로부터 치관 방향으로 1, 3, 5 mm 거리가 되는 지점(주사침 말단의 위치)에 위치시켰다. 각 군에 대하여 세척액 주입 속도는 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 ml/s로 변화시키면서 치근단 압력을 측정하였다. 나머지 조건이 동일한 경우 주사침 말단의 위치가 감소할수록, 세척액 주입 속도가 증가할수록 치근단 압력은 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 주사침 말단의 위치와 세척액 주입 속도가 동일한 조건 하에서 side-vented 주사침이 가장 낮은 치근단 압력을 보였고, notched, flat 주사침 순서로 치근단 압력이 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 주사침 말단의 위치가 1 mm인 군 또는 세척액 주입 속도가 0.1 ml/s 이상인 군에서는 나머지 조건에 관계없이 모든 경우에서 중심정맥압(5.88mmHg)보다 높은 치근단 압력을 나타냈다. Flat 주사침은 세척액 주입 속도와 주사침 말단의 위치에 따른 치근단 압력의 급격한 증가로 인해 임상에서 사용이 추천되지 않으며, 안전하고 효율적인 근관 세척을 수행하기 위해서는 근단 협착부로부터 치관 방향으로 3 mm 떨어진 지점에 주사침 말단을 위치시키고 0.05 ml/s 이하의 세척액 주입 속도로 근관 세척액을 적용해야 할 것이다.