• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.387-391
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• 2000

Barley straw is a good source of organic matter for next crop growth following barley. This study was conducted to investigate effects of barley straw application methods (application, removal, or incineration) on growth and yield in soybean cultivation following barley. A soybean variety, Eunhakong, was sown on 12 June with drill-seeder attached to tractor after tillage. Barley straw application resulted in increase in organic matter content compared to removal and incineration of barley straw, and soil physical properties such as water content and porosity, were improved by application and incineration of barley straw. Weed occurrence was deterred by 44% in barley straw application and by 31% in barley straw incineration compared with removal of barley straw. Number and dry weight of soybean nodules were move abundant in barley straw application than the other treatments at 4 and R2 stages. Barley straw application had less for dry weight than barley straw removal but greater than incineration of barley straw about 30 days after seeding. However barley straw application caused greater top dry weight 90 days after seeding. Root dry weight was not affected by barley straw application method at all growth stage. There're no significant differences in soybean yield among barley straw application methods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.690-694
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• 2006

There is limited information on the relationship between defoliation and root and rhizome development of kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.). To determine the effects of defoliation severity on root and rhizome growth of young kura clover plant (seedling about 8 wk old), this research was conducted in 2002 (Experiment 1) and 2003 (Experiment 2) in a glasshouse at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Four kura clover entries were used in this experiment: two were started from seed materials (ARS-2678 and 'Rhizo') and two were clones from mature, field-grown Rhizo kura clover plant. Three defoliation frequencies (2-, 4- and 6-wk intervals) and two defoliation intensities (complete and partial defoliation) were imposed on each of the four kura clover entries. Root, rhizome, and leaf dry matter (DM) generally increased with less frequent defoliation, however, the increase in rhizome DM was not significant between 4- or 6-wk defoliation periods. The root and leaf DM under complete defoliation (CD) were significantly lower than under partial defoliation (PD). In Exp. 1, rhizome DM was not significantly different between CD and PD; it was significantly lower under CD in Exp. 2. ARS-2678 showed excellent root development characteristics, however, its rhizome DM was significantly lower than Rhizo clones. The rhizome development from Rhizo clones was greater than that from seed materials. If maximum root and rhizome growth are expected from young kura clover plant, the intensity and frequency of defoliation should be minimized or defoliation should be avoided.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.16-25
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• 1992

A pot experiment was conducted to understand effect of soil temperaute on soybean shoot and root growth, and its relations to nutrient uptake including phosporus and potassium. Pregerminated soybean seedlings, Paldal cultivar, were planted for 43 days on the pots with Ihyeon silt loam and Samgag sandy loam in the temperature controled water baths at 17, 25 and $32^{\circ}C$. Shoot and root samples were taken at four times and analyzed. Shoot and root dry matter weights were heavier as higher soil temperaure. The root dry matter increased faster than shoot at earlier period. Shoot dry matter weights grown at 17 and $25^{\circ}C$ showed little difference between two soils, however, those grown in silt loam at $32^{\circ}C$ were heavier than sandy loam. The total lengths of roots were longer as higher soil temperature, and longer in silt loam than sandy loam. The roots grown in sandy loam at low temperature were thicker than the roots grown in silt loam at high temperature. The uptakes of phosphorus and potassium were higher as higher tempeature with same trend with dry matter. The uptake rate of unit root surface area was higher in sandy loam soil than silt loam. The uptake rates showed strong dependence on soil temperature as well as dependence of water uptake rate. Based on Dalton and Gardner model, at high temperature the dependence trend of phosphorus and potassium on soil temperature showed with active uptake model, while at low temperature the dependence showed without active uptake model.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.50-59
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• 2008

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the role of the arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM) fungus, Glomus mosseae(BEG 107) in enhancing growth and arsenic(As) and phosphorus(P) uptake of white clover(Trifolium repens) and evening primrose(Oenothera odorata) in soil collected from a gold mine having concentrations of 381.6 mg total As $kg^{-1}$ and 20.5 mg available As $kg^{-1}$. Trifolium repens and O. odorata are widely distributed on abandoned metalliferous mines in Korea. The percent root colonization by the AM fungus was 55.9% and 62.3% in T. repens and O. odorata, respectively, whereas no root colonization was detected in control plants grown in a sterile medium. The shoot dry weight of T. repens and O. odorata was increased by 323 and 117% in the AM plants compared to non-mycorrhizal(NAM) plants, respectively. The root dry weight increased up to 24% in T. repens and 70% in O. odorata following AM colonization compared to control plants. Mycorrhizal colonization increased the accumulation of As in the root tissues of T. repens and O. odorata by 99.7 and 91.7% compared to the NAM plants, respectively. The total uptake of P following AM colonization increased by 50% in T. repens and 70% in O. odorata, whereas the P concentration was higher in NAM plants than in the AM plants. Colonization with AM fungi increased the As resistance of the host plants to As toxicity by augmenting the yield of dry matter and increasing the total P uptake. Hence, the application of an AM fungus can effectively improve the phytoremediation capability of T. repens and O. odorata in As-contaminated soil.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.627-636
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• 2020

Background: Cultivation of medicinal crops, which synthesize hundreds of substances for curative functions, was focused on the synthesis of secondary metabolites rather than biomass accumulation. Nutrition is an important restrict factor for plant growth and secondary metabolites, but little attention has been given to the plasticity of nutrient uptake and secondary metabolites synthesis response to soil nitrogen (N) change. Methods: Two year-field experiments of Sanqi (Panax notoginseng), which can synthesize a high level of saponin in cells, were conducted to study the effects of N application on the temporal dynamics of biomass, nutrient absorption, root architecture and the relationships between these parameters and saponin synthesis. Results: Increasing N fertilizer rates could improve the dry matter yields and nutrient absorption ability through increasing the maximum daily growth (or nutrient uptake) rate. Under suitable N level (225 kg/ha N), Sanqi restricted the root length and surface and enhanced the root diameter and N uptake rate per root length (NURI) to promote nutrient absorption, but the opposite status of Sanqi root architecture and NURI was found when soil N was deficient. Furthermore, increasing N rates could promote the accumulation of saponin in roots through improving the NURI, which showed a significant positive relationship with the content of saponin in the taproots. Conclusion: Appropriate N fertilizer rates could optimize both root architecture and nutrient uptake efficiency, then promote both the accumulation of dry matter and the synthesis of saponins.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 1997

A field experiment was conducted in Chungiu and Jungwon to evaluate growth characteristics, root development, dry matter yield, crude protein yield and palatability according to nitrogen fertilizer level at intercropping cultivation of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(hereinafier referred as SSH) and soybean. Nitrogen level was six treatment of Okg, 30kg 60kg, 90kg 120kg, and 150kg per hectare, and cutting date (sorghum $\times$ sudangrass and soybean) was july 28. 1. In the SSH, plant length was increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer from 0kg/ha to 120kg/ha, but 150kgha treatment was decreased cornpared to 120kg/ha treatment. In the soybean, plant length did not show difference among 0kg, 30kg 60kg, and 90kg per hectare, but 120kg and 150kgfha treatment was on the contrary short. In the SSH, leaf length, leaf width and leaf number were the highest in 120kg/ha treatment, but soybean showed multifarious. 2. Stem diameter of SSH was increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer. But soybean was thick from 0kg/ha treatment to 60kg/ha treatment, while above 90kg/ha treatment was on the contrary thin. Stem of SSH was hard with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, but soybean was soft with increasing nitrogen fertilizer. Root weight (Dry matter) of SSH was increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer. On the contrary, soybean was decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer. 3. In the dairy cattle and Korean native cattle, palatability according to nitrogen fertilizer was the highest at 90kgha treatment, while 120kgha treatment and 150kgha treatment was the lowest. But in the deer, 30kg/ha treatment of low nitrogen fertilizer was the highest in palatability. 4. Nitrogen content of root of SSH was increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer(P<0.01). But in soybean, 30kg and 60kg/ha treatment were higher than 0kg, 90kg, 120kg and 150kg/ha treatment(P<0.01). Total niwogen content of soil were high at 90kg 120kg 150kgha trea~ment(P<0.01). 5. Dry matter yield was high at the 90kg 120kg and 150kgha treatment as range from 15, 262kg/ha to 15, 614kg/ha without significant difference among those, but Okgha treatment was the lowest as 11, 183kg/ha (PC 0.05). Protein content of SSH was the highest at 90kg/ha treatment as 8.3 percentage. Soybean was highest at 60kgha treatment as 22.9 percentage. Protein yield was the highest at 90kg/ha treatment as 1, 547.6kg/ha, but Okgha treatment was the lowest as 1, 022.8kg/ha (P<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.236-241
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• 1998

This study was to compare soil characteristics among Quercus mongolica communities that characterize the boreal-temperate deciduous forest in Korea. The classification of Quercus mongolica community and soil sampling were carried in Mt. Odae and Mt. Jungwang in Kangwondo from April of 1991 to October of 1994. The study area was classified as 5 Quercus mongolica communities with Braun-Blanquet method as follows; Quercus mongolica - Abies nephrolepis, Quercus mongolica - Acer pseudosieboldianum, Quercus mongolica - Lindera obtusiloba, Quercus mongolica - Acer mandshuricum, and Quercus mongolica - Carpinus cordata communities. Quercus mongolica - Abies nephorolepis community had the most shallow depth of A horizon(5cm) among communities, and root penetration was mainly from 0 to 10cm soil depth, and they had a dry soil moisture condition. Depth of A horizon of Quercus mongolica - Lindera obtusiloba and Quercus mongolica - Acer mandshuricum communities was about 20cm, and root penetration was mainly from 0 to 20cm soil depth, and they had a slightly dry soil moisture condition. Quercus mongolica - Acer mandshuricum, and Quercus mongolica -Carpinus cordata communities had the deepest depth of A horizon(35cm) and root was well developed over 45cm, and they had a moderately-slight dry soil condition. The soil organic matter, total N, exchangeable Ca, Mg and K concentration and CEC was the greatest in Quercus mongolica-Acer mandshuricum community and Quercus mongolica-Carpinus cordata community among communities. Quercus mongolica - Abies nephyolepis community had the smallest soil organic matter, total N, and CEC among communities. There were large differences among Quercus mongolica communities by soil properties and the result may be due to different habitat positions in the landscape among communities.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.172-177
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of daytime temperature on fruit crack-ing in the paprika cv. Fiesta and cv. Jubilee under soil culture experiment of vinyl house for two years from 2003 to 2004. The rate of cracked fruit was higher in cv. Fiesta than cv. Jubilee and was the highest at the high daytime temperature of $34\pm$$1^{\circ}C$. and then rapidly increased after April becomes better weather conditions. The flesh hardness and the rate of flesh dry weight were lower in cv. Fiesta than cv. Jubilee and were the lowest at the high daytime temperature of $34\pm$1$^{\circ}C$. but the thickness of flesh was thicker in cv. Fiesta than cv. Jubilee and was the thinnest at the high daytime temperature of $34\pm$$1^{\circ}C$. Inorganic matter contents of flesh was observed no difference to the cultivars and also the temperature treatments. Root condition in harvesting time was better in cv. Fiesta than cv. Jubilee and was not difference in temperature treatments. Therefore, the rate of cracked fruit showed up a positive correlation to the flesh hardness, flesh dry weight, flesh firmness and root condition, and has not correlation to the flesh thickness and inorganic matter con-tents. In conclusion, differences in cultivar sensitivity and the highest rate of cracked fruit in daytime temperature of $34\pm$$1^{\circ}C$ may be partly due to difference in flesh characteristic and root condition but additional factors may be involved.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.936-941
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• 2004

Four rumen-cannulated cows (330 kg average weight at 4 years) were used to evaluate the supplement of ensiled cassava tops (ECT) (variety KM 94, 39% DM) on rumen functions, thyroid hormones and liver enzymes. The treatments, arranged in a 4 $\times$4 Latin square design, were ECT at 0, 50, 100 and 150 g CP 100 kg$^{-1}$ body weight (BW), and a basal diet of urea-treated fresh rice straw (UFRS) ad libitum and 1.1 kg dry matter (DM) cassava root meal (CRM) in each 30 day study period. The results showed a continuous decrease in dry matter intake (DMI) of UFRS with increasing level of ECT supplement (p<0.001). The highest total DMI was observed for treatment ECT$_{150}$ (2.68 kg DM 100 kg$^{-1}$ BW day$^{-1}$) followed by treatments ECT$_{100}$, ECT$_{50}$ and ECT$_{0}$, with 2.47, 2.24 and 2.06 kg DM 100 kg$^{-1}$ BW⋅day$^{-1}$, respectively. Increasing levels of ECT supplement increased the concentration of total volatile fatty acids (p<0.05) and ammonia nitrogen (p<0.05) and resulted in a decrease in pH (p<0.05). Overall average plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations were 0.80, 0.82, 0.85 and 0.69 ng ml$^{-1}$ (p>0.05), and 50.9, 49.5, 50.7 and 42.4 ng ml-1 (p>0.05) for treatments ECT$_{0}$, ECT$_{50}$, ECT$_{100}$ and ECT$_{150}$, respectively. There were non-significant differences in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase among treatments. It is concluded that ECT is a valuable protein-rich feed supplement to cattle, and the highest level of on average 2.48 kg DM ECT per cow and day (28% of total DMI) did not significantly affect thyroid gland hormones and liver enzymes in cows.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1623-1631
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to validate and evaluate the dry matter (DM) intake prediction model of the Korean feeding standards for dairy cattle (KFSD). Methods: The KFSD DM intake (DMI) model was developed using a database containing the data from the Journal of Dairy Science from 2006 to 2011 (1,065 observations 287 studies). The development (458 observations from 103 studies) and evaluation databases (168 observations from 74 studies) were constructed from the database. The body weight (kg; BW), metabolic BW (BW^0.75, MBW), 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM), forage as a percentage of dietary DM, and the dietary content of nutrients (% DM) were chosen as possible explanatory variables. A random coefficient model with the study as a random variable and a linear model without the random effect was used to select model variables and estimate parameters, respectively, during the model development. The best-fit equation was compared to published equations, and sensitivity analysis of the prediction equation was conducted. The KFSD model was also evaluated using in vivo feeding trial data. Results: The KFSD DMI equation is 4.103 (±2.994)+0.112 (±0.022)×MBW+0.284 (±0.020)×FCM-0.119 (±0.028)×neutral detergent fiber (NDF), explaining 47% of the variation in the evaluation dataset with no mean nor slope bias (p>0.05). The root mean square prediction error was 2.70 kg/d, best among the tested equations. The sensitivity analysis showed that the model is the most sensitive to FCM, followed by MBW and NDF. With the in vivo data, the KFSD equation showed slightly higher precision (R² = 0.39) than the NRC equation (R² = 0.37), with a mean bias of 1.19 kg and no slope bias (p>0.05). Conclusion: The KFSD DMI model is suitable for predicting the DMI of lactating dairy cows in practical situations in Korea.