• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.458-464
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• 1994

The partitioning of dry matter into seed and pod-shell is important because yield increase can be achieved by improving the distribution rate of assimilation products to seeds. The present study was undertaken to characterize whether the partitioning of dry matter into seed was shoot- or root-controlled through graftiong techniques. Self- and reciprocal-grafts were made among four soybean genotypes, which were 'Baekunkong', 'Suwon 168', and two local soybeans with black seed coat (hereafter referred to as the 'black soybean'), 'Kangleungjarae' and 'Keumleungjarae'. Self-grafted black soybeans showed lower ratio of seed to pod-shell dry wight than self-grafted Baekunkong and Suwon 168. Varying the shoot genotypes in grafts resulted in significant differences in growth characters as well as pod and seed dry weight per plant at physiological maturity. There were significant effects of shoot genotypes on the ratio of seed to pod-shell dry weight, indication that the partitioning of dry matter into seed and pod-shell should be shoot- rather than root-controlled. The grafts with large pod-shell dry weight tended to partition relatively smaller dry matter into seed than pod-shell.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.139-144
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• 1999

In order to clarify ecological survival strategy of Rumex crispus community dominating under contaminated area of lower region of Kumho riverside including Chimsangyo (CS), Paldalgyo (PD), Talseochon (TS) and Kumhogyo (KH), we analyzed the content of heavy metals and inorganic matter and vegetative growth. R. crispus showed rapid formation of community by high growth rate, high T/R ratio and showed maximum T/R ratio at the contaminated area Talseochon. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents in R. crispus showed high value in shoot than that of root. T/R ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus showed 3.1∼3.6 and 1.5∼4.5 for the early growth stage, and 6.7∼17.3 and 3.9∼8.3 for the late one, respectively. The absorbed heavy metals by riot were translocated to shoot, the heavy metal content in shoot higher than those in root of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Pb for 3.6, 1.7, 1.5 and 4.8 times, respectively. Distribution ratio of the heavy metals in each organ showed 61∼85% and 15∼39% for shoot and root, respectively. R. crispus accumulated heavy metals in the order of Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb in shoot, and showed maximum values of Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb for 89.7, 376.6, 2946.1 and 13.2 ㎍/g dw, respectively at Talseochon in April. A physiological and morphological characteristics of R. crispus showed thickened leaf, increased water content above 80% and rapid growth of shoot. R. crispus showed ecological adaptation to the contaminated area by transportation of heavy metals and inorganic matter to shoot, and by accumulation of Ca ion in root.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.234-238
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• 1998

To select new germplasm for salinity tolerance from new plant type (NPT) breeding lines, the sixty F$_4$ lines selected from the crosses between Korean cultivars and IRRI's NPT lines were evaluated for salinity tolerance at the seedling stage with salinized culture solution (EC=12 dS/m) in the controlled conditions. Two NTP lines derived from a cross between 'Ilmibyeo' and 'IR66152-AC5-1', 'HR15258-7-1' and 'HR15258-27-1', were found to have good tolerance. The salinity tolerance of the lines was compared to their parents and the sensitive ('IR29') and tolerant ('Pokkali') checks in three salinity levels, no salinity (control) and an EC of 12 and 16 dS/m. Visual salinity score, shoot Na+ and Na-K ratio in two NPT lines was significantly low compared with the parents and IR29. Indicating that salinity tolerance of the lines might be derived from a transgressive segregation. The relative water content of the lines was higher than Pokkali, and the dry weight of shoot and root was proportionally decreased to salinity score and salinizing concentration. The visual salinity scores were significantly correlated with shoot Na concentration, Na-K ratio, relative water content, and reduction of dry weight (P<0.01). Their tolerance was attributed to root and shoot characteristics that led to high shoot water content, thus diluting the toxic effect of salts.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 1998

American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) of various ages were harvested every two weeks during each of three growing seasons and dry matter yield of components and root respiration determined. Shoot dry weight was about 0.5 g, 2.5 g and 4 g for 2, 3 and 4-year-old plants, respectively and fruit dry weight was as much as 50% of this in 3- and 4-year-.old plants. Root dry weight decrease by 30~50% as shoots emerged and at the end of the season was about 2 g, 3.5 g and 5 g in 2, 3, 4 and 5-year-old plants, respectively. Shoot and root dry weight were linearly related with an approximate 1:2 ratio. Root respiration rate at 2$0^{\circ}C$ in the dark was about 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ CO2 g-1 DW(dry weight) min-1 in the early season, then doubled within 50 days as shoots emerged, and thereafter declined over the season to 2~5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ CO2 g-1 DW min-1. The Q10 for dark respiration over the interval from 10 to 2$0^{\circ}C$ was 1.58. Root respiration rate and shoot growth rate was positively linearly related in all ages of plants. Key words: Dry weight, partitioning.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 1992

This experiment was conducted to study the factors related with yield components in 5 varieties of perennial ryegrass and was surveyed for the biological yields(BY). shoot weight(SHW). root weight (RW), leaf weight(LW), stem weight(SW), plant length(PL), leaf area(LA), number of tillcr per plant (NT), root lcngth(RL), shoot and root ratio(S/R), ratio of root length and weight(RL/RW) and weight of a tiller(WT) in autumn growth stage. These results are summarized as follows;1. The yield components were varied during the stage of growth and in relation to the varieties in autumn. 2. The yield is consisted of 73 % by shoot and 27% by root in autumn.3. The varieties of the highest biological yields were Tempo, Maprima and the lowest biological yields were P-2, Caliente in autumn. 4. The variety of Tempo was largely affected by the factors of shoot weight, root weight, ratio of root length and weight, and weight of a tiller. but the variety of Caliente was influenced by the factors of leaf weight. stem weight, leaf area, SIR ratio and weight of a tiller on the yield. 5. The highest biological yields was obtained at the time of 4~5th(10/4~1018) and the lowest yield was showed at the time of 3~4th(9/30~1014) in autumn. 6. The time of the highest biological yields were resulted that the variety of Tempo was obtained between the time of 5~6th. Maprima was obtained between the time of 1~2nd and the varieties of Manhattan, P-2, Caliente were obtained between the time of 4~5th on the stages of growth in autumn.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus sp. and Saccharomyces sp. on turf quality, shoot and root growth of creeping betgrass in golf course by measuring turf color index, chlorophyll content, dry weight of shoot and root, T/R ratio and root length. Fertilizer treatment was designed as follows; nonfertilizer (NF), control (CF; compound fertilizer), microorganism medium(MO; CF+MO)), microorganism medium contained Fe(MO-Fe; CF+MO-Fe) and microorganisum medium contained S (MO-S; CF+MO-S). Soil properties investigated after experiment was scarcely affected by applied fertilizers in root zone of creeping bentgrass. The turf color index and chlorophyll index of MO, MO-Fe, MO-S treatment were higher than those of NF, and similar to those of CF. The turfgrass root in MO and MO-Fe treatment was longer than others. The dry weight of shoot in MO and MO-S was higher than CF and that of root in MO and MO-Fe, and dry weight of MO was increased than that of NF and CF, by 26% and 6%, respectively. AS compared with NF, T/R ratio of CF, MO, MO-Fe and MO-S was increased, and MO and MO-Fe was similar to CF, MO-S higher. Nutrient content in CF, MO, MO-Fe and MO-S was contained more than in NF, and it was higher in shoot. These was suggested that application of MO induced the development of quality and growth of creeping bentgrass by assisting root growth and nutrients uptake.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 1997

This experiment was carried out to investigate the growth response of 3 grasses to seed coating with chitosan solution and the attempt was made to estimate adequate seed coating concentrations of chitosan solution in each grass for the growth to be stimulated. Three species used in this experiment were orchardgrass, tall fescue and reed canarygrass. Six different seed coating concentrations of chitosan solution were applied as 0%(control), 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1% and 1.0%, respectively. the results were obtained as follows; 1. Dry weight of tiller(WT), leaf area(LA), dry weight of leaf(LW), dry weight of stem(SW), dry weight of shoot(SHW), biological yield(BY) and C/F ratio were significantly different between species. 2. Number of tillers per plant(NT), dry weight of tiller(WT), dry weight of leaf(LW), dry weight of root(RW), dry weight of shoot(SHW), biological yield(BY) and T/R ration were significantly different between seed coating concentrations of chitosan solution. 3. The adequate seed coating concentrations of chitosan solution for the growth stimulating effect were different between species. The highest values of yield components and dry weight of plant parts were obtained at 1% in orchardgrass and tall fescue, and 0.05% in reed canarygrass, respectively. 4. Growth stimulating effect of seed coating in each species were different. The highest values were obtained in leaf area(LA), dry weight of leaf(LW), dry weight of root(RW), dry weight of shoot(SHW) and dry weight of biological yield(BY) in orchardgrass. The values of dry weight of stem(SW) and C/F ration were highest in reed canarygrass. 5. An increase in number of tillers per plant(NT), dry weight of leaf(LW), dry weight of stem(SW) and dry weight of root(RW) according to seed coating was attributed to the increase in dry weight of shoot(SHW). Among the aboved increasing factors, the dry weight of leaf(LW) was a main factor for the increase in dry weight of shoot(SHW). 6. An increase in dry weight of leaf(LW), dry weight of stem(SW) and dry weight of root(RW) according to seed coating was attributed to the increase in biological yield(BY). Both the dry weight of leaf(LW) and dry weight of root(RW) were main factors for the increase in biological yield(BY).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.3
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• pp.218-229
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate all the parts' weight growth under the different light intensity and root-cutting. As results : ${\cdot}$ Fresh and dry weight of leaf, shoot, root and seedling treated under 63% R.L.I showed the largest growth. ${\cdot}$ The largest growth in fresh and dry weight of shoot arid seedling appeared at 1/4 root cutting plot. ${\cdot}$ The value of T/R ratio was increased in low light intensity and high root-cutting. ${\cdot}$ The simple nonlinear relationship between light intensity, root-cutting and T/R ratio was recognized, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1978

Aseptic meristem of Fragaria ananassa 'Hokowase' were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog medium containing various levels of Benzylamiro purine(BA), IAA, and 2.4-D. Formations of shoots plantlets, roots and callus depend on hormone levels used. On medium containing high level of BA 1.0mg/l, multiple plantlets were formed, however, elongation of shoots was inhibited than on BA 0.5 mg/l. 1.0mg/l IAA induced root formation and 1.0mg/l+1.0mg/l BA inhibited root formation. Callus formation was occurred on the medium added 2.4-D. When plantlets were subcultured, formation of callus or shoot depend on BA/2.4-D ratio. 2.0mg/l 2.4-D+0.2mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l 2.4-D+0.2mg/l BA induced callus formation and 2.0mg/l BA induced plantlet and shoot vigorously.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 1995

This study was carried out to find the effects of the mixtures of earthworm cast, peatmoss, and vermiculite as a vegetable plant growth medium on the growth pepper seedlings. The mixed ratios of earthworm cast-peatmoss-vermiculite were 40-20-40, 40-30-30, 40-40-40, 50-20-30, 50-30-20, 60-10-30, 60-20-20 and 60-30-10%. The results of the study are as follows: 1, There was a significant difference of plant length, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and biological yield per plant for growth stages and mixed ratios(p<0.05). But there was no significant interactions for both of them. 2. The nursery soil with earthworm cast was generally higher than the control treatment in shoot dry weight, root dry weight adn biological yield per plant. The shoot dry weight and biological yield per plant were high in the treatment including 60% of the earthworm cast to the 3rd week and in the one including 50% from the 4th week. But in root dry weight, the treatment including 40% of it was higher than treatment of the others. 3. The shoot dry weight per plant in treatments consisting both of 40% of earthworm, 40% of peatmoss and 20% of vermiculite and of 60%, 10% and 30% was more significant than that in the control treatment(p<0.05). 4. The average relative growth rates of shoot dry weight, root dry weight and biological yield for all treatments were higher than the ratio of control treatment except the ration of the treatment consisting of 60% of earthworm, 20% of peatmoss and 20% of vermiculite.