• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.660-672
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• 2015

The rural housing is a key element of the rural landscape. The studies on the rural housing have focused on folk housing, but this study focuses on the comtemporary rural housing. The research area is the eight rural settlements on the sea islands of Gyeongnam. This study may provide the base for an understanding Korean rural landscape through the analysis of the rural housing types with special reference to the roofing types and materials. Most roofing types but the flat roofing type belong to the traditional roofing types. Among the combined-style roofing(결합양식지붕) types, the pitched-and-flat roofing(경사-평지붕) type is about ten times more frequent than the pitched-and-pitched roofing(경사-경사지붕) type. The most frequent roofing materials are cement, precoated steel plate(컬러강판), and artificial slate(인조슬레이트). Five typical types of rural housing are derived from the remarkable combinations of roofing types and roofing materials in the research area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.196-204
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the number and influence factors of asbestos fibers in the air of farmhouses with asbestos cement slate roofing, as well as in rainwater per unit area of the asbestos cement slate roofing. Methods: At a distance of 1 m from the end of asbestos cement slate roofing in 20 farmhouses, the asbestos fiber in the air was collected three times on a clear day downwind from the prevailing wind. Rainwater falling from the slate roofing was collected four times with a 1.05-m rainwater pipe on a rainy day at the 20 farmhouses, filtered with a MCE filter, and analyzed with a phase contrast microscope. Results: The geometric mean of the number of asbestos fibers in the air of farmhouses with slate roofing was 0.11 fiber/L, and no samples exceeded the recommended standard of 10 fiber/L. As a result of multiple regression analysis, a factor which gave a significant influence to the asbestos fiber content in the air was the gross area of slate roofing at the target farmhouses. The number of asbestos fibers included in rainwater collected per 1 m2 of slate roofing was 1,753 fiber/$L{\cdot}m2$. As a result of multiple regression analysis, the number of asbestos fibers contained in rainwater per 1 m2 of slate showed a significantly higher tendency as the year of slate roofing installation at the target farmhouses receded. Conclusions: It was confirmed for the first time in Korea that asbestos from asbestos cement slate roofing scatters into the air.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.29
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• pp.221-238
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• 2008

Roofing tiles are very important archaeological artifacts which show science, architecture of that time, as well as information about the culture. It has been studied by many researchers steadily, but only focusing on archaeological, art historical and architectural study, so it is very difficult to find natural science research. Gyeongbokgung's roofing tiles were excavated from the ruins of same site, however glaze, body colour and shape of tiles are very diverse with the naked eye. Through natural science research which analyze the chemical composition and physical characteristics of roofing tiles's body and glaze examine the physical and chemical characteristics of each roofing tiles. the result of analazed roofing tiles is following. when roofing tiles were classified by 전암대자율 and chromaticity, each group has part of some matches. When you compare with green gazed traditional brick's glaze of Silla period, Gyeongbokgung roofing tiles have more $Al_2O_3$ and less PbO than Silla period's. We can see the technology of increasing firing temperature is better. and glaze colour depends on content of $Fe_2O_3$ and CuO. A lot of CuO tend to be more blue.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.51-56
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• 1993

This paper presents the FEM anlysis results performed to assess the applicability of Horizontal Jet Grout Roofing, and of ground improvement methods for tunneling in soft ground. Horizontal Jet Grount Roofing Method is applicable to ensure the stability of tunnel face in non-cemeted alluvial strata under high ground water pressure. For applying this method, to ensure the reliability, the Horizontel Jet Grout Roofing should be double lined with pre-grouting to reduce the water inflow during the jet grouting.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2000

The body composition of an ancient roofing tiles excavated from Chonnam province has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Ancient roofing tiles were excavated at ancient mountain fortress and kiln sites. The body composition of roofing tiles was different according to the excavated sites. The mineral component of roofing tiles were grouped in the five types and chemical composition was different according to the excavated areas. It is presumed that the body of roofing tiles used low-grade raw materials containing $Fe_2O_3$ 4-10%. The trace element composition of the roofing tiles were different, and it might be all ret1ection of different geological characteristics. The characteristic element of rooting tiles was vanadium element of the analyzed 20 trace elements. By $SiO_2-V$ distribution diagram types, roofing tiles excavated from the Geomdan mountain fortress at Sunchon, kiln site in Yeochon, Gorak and Cheoksan mountain fortress at Yeosu were grouped into the same excavated site.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.25-33
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• 2018

Piping is one of the most frequently occurring collapse type of a levee, and is often caused by roofing (backward erosion piping) at the ground-structure interface. Roofing is generally evaluated using creep ratio. However, creep ratio does not take into account the characteristics of the ground-structure interface. In this study, the roofing risk was investigated by using model test and numerical analysis considering the ground-structure interface characteristics. In the model test, it was confirmed that the piping potential decreased as the interface roughness increased, and this was applied to the numerical analysis. Existing numerical methods can not adequately simulate the particle behavior at the ground-structure interface because only the water level difference is considered. In this paper, particle behavior at the interface was investigated by performing seepage analysis and then, carrying out particle analysis technique simulating the boundary condition of the ground-structure interface. Analysis results have shown that the roofing resistance decreases as the ground-structure interface roughness decreases.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.213-233
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• 2005

Wind uplift rating of roofing systems is based on standardized test methods. Roof specimens are placed in an apparatus with a specified table size (length and width) then subjected to the required wind load cycle. Currently, there is no consensus on the table size to be used by these testing protocols in spite of the fact that the table size plays a significant role in wind uplift performance. Part I of this paper presented a study with the objective to investigate the impact of table size on the performance of roofing systems. To achieve this purpose, extensive numerical experiments using the finite element method have been conducted and benchmarked with results obtained from the experimental work. The present contribution is a continuation of the previous research and can be divided into two parts: (1) Undertake additional numerical simulations for wider membranes that were not addressed in the previous works. Due to the advancement in membrane technology, wider membranes are now available in the market and are used in commercial roofing practice as it reduces installation cost and (2) Formulate a logical step to combine and generalize over 400 numerical tests and experiments on various roofing configurations and develop correction factors such that it can be of practical use to determine the wind uplift resistance of roofs.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.383-411
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• 2011

Roof is an integral part of building envelope. It protects occupants from environmental forces such as wind, rain, snow and others. Among those environmental forces, wind is a major factor that can cause structural roof damages. Roof due to wind actions can exhibit either flexible or rigid system responses. At present, a dynamic test procedure available is CSA A123.21-04 for the wind uplift resistance evaluation of flexible membrane-roofing systems and there is no dynamic test procedure available in North America for wind uplift resistance evaluation of rigid membrane-roofing system. In order to incorporate rigid membrane-roofing systems into the CSA A123.21-04 testing procedure, this paper presents the development of a load cycle. For this process, the present study compared the wind performance of rigid systems with the flexible systems. Analysis of the pressure time histories data using probability distribution function and power spectral density verified that these two roofs types exhibit different system responses under wind forces. Rain flow counting method was applied on the wind tunnel time histories data. Calculated wind load cycles were compared with the existing load cycle of CSA A123.21-04. With the input from the roof manufacturers and roofing associations, the developed load cycles had been generalized and extended to evaluate the ultimate wind uplift resistance capacity of rigid roofs. This new knowledge is integrated into the new edition of CSA A123.21-10 so that the standard can be used to evaluate wind uplift resistance capacity of membrane roofing systems.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.160-173
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• 2012

Roofing tile research conducted in Korea so far is mostly related to studies on roofing tile patterns excavation report on the roof tile klin site in the aspects of archeology architecture and history of art. There have been continuous studies on kiln ground and manufacture techniques of roofing tiles. However it is difficult to find roofing tiles research based on scientific experiments. The research on this paper performs physical and chemical experimental study to understand order, manufacturing techniques and other characteristics of Chosun Dynasty roofing tiles excavated in Dongdaemun stadium. As for physical experimental study water absorption, specific gravity, whole-rock Magnetic susceptibility rate and Differential Thermal Analysis are conducted. As for chemical experimental study, neutron activation analysis(NAA), microstructure observation, X-ray diffractometry(XRD) analysis are conducted. Result of neutron activation analysis and statistical analysis on piece of roof tile 22 samples clearly show that the roofing tile samples are from different time line and places. It also shows different composition when compare average value of rare earth resources per findspots. It means roofing tiles were manufactured from clay mineral from several places. Close inspection using XRD and polarization microscope reveals that main components of roofing tiles are quartz and felspar. Mica and Illite are found partially. XRD analysis shows mullite mineral composition which occurs when roofing tile is calcined around $1000^{\circ}C$. Differential thermal analysis shows gradual exothermic peak near $900^{\circ}C$. Based on these results, it is assumed that roofing tile is made at $900{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$. result of XRD analysis shows mullite were made near $1000^{\circ}C$. in Differential Thermal Analysis shows gradual exothermic peak near $900^{\circ}C$. this results shows that roof tiles were made near 900~1000 near $1000^{\circ}C$ mean value of whole-rock Magnetic susceptibility rate. When performed comparative analysis using whole-rock Magnetic susceptibility rate average value, findspots provided no certain classification to arrange. Nonetheless low whole-rock Magnetic susceptibility rate 0.2~0.78(${\times}103$ SI unit) is found when roofing tile patterns are Pasangmun, Taesangmun, Eosangmun, Kyukjamun, Heongsunmun. Overall absorptivity is 14~21%. It is similar to 14~18% of roofing tile from Chosun Dynasty. There is only 1.4~2.5g/cm3 of roof tile sample specific gravity. The analysis finds no difference in specific gravity by findspots.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.39
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• pp.59-93
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• 2006

Wolseong in Gyeongju is a historic fortress site of Silla constructed under the reign of Pasanisageum that played politically and militarily important roles. The moat surrounding Wolseong had a function of protecting the fortress in wartimes but became a part of gardening in the unified Silla era. Lots of relics have been excavated from Wolseong moat since 1985. Among them a great number and kinds of convex roofing tiles are regarded as invaluable sources to show different aspects of Silla, from its earlier time through to the unified and on. Roofing tiles were widely used for national buildings such as royal palaces, temples and fortresses and even for other popular architecture and have been dug out a lot more than any other relics. Research on them, however, has been done poorly. Vigorous study is in progress with increasing number of roofing tiles coming from many recent excavations, though it has been limited to the studies on general genealogy of patterns and manufacture processes. Thus this essay seeks to find which are dongbeomwas, roofing tiles of a same mold, out of convex tiles with the pattern of a unilobed lotus flower dug out of Wolseong moat. It also attempts to identify dongbeomwas by examining detail characteristics of roofing tiles which have been confusingly termed as yusawa, similar roofing tiles, or donghyeongwa, roofing tiles of the same shape. The significance of identifying dongbeomwas could be emphasized by various facts resulting from researches on dongbeomwas; the ways to identify them correctly, their time sequence and their excavated sites. In conclusion, dongbeomwas were identified out of many kinds of convex tiles. If they were excavated from the same site, they share some common features. The sites where they were dug out also tell what changes were made with passage of time and what relations they had with neighboring Anapji. Since roofing tile molds haven't been found yet, the only way to identify dongbeomwas is to examine details of roofing tiles. Dongbeomwas excavated in Wolseong moat help to discuss the time of each district of it. Meanwhile it should be noted that the term 'dongbeomwa' be used only after exact examining.