• 제목/요약/키워드: roof fracture

검색결과 31건 처리시간 0.033초

Weathering and Degradation Assessment of Rock Properties at the West Stone Pagoda, Gameunsaji Temple Site, Korea

  • Lee, Chan Hee;Lee, Myeong Seong;Kim, Jiyoung
    • Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.29-37
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    • 2012
  • The West Stone Pagoda at Gameunsaji Temple Site constructed in the 7th century is mainly composed of dark grey dacitic tuff bearing small numerous dioritic xenoliths. These xenoliths resulted in small holes due to differential weathering process from the host rocks. Physical strength of the pagoda was decreased due to weathering and damage caused by petrological, biological and coastal environmental factors. The southeastern part of the pagoda was extremely deteriorated that the rock surface showed exfoliation, fracture, open cavity, granular decomposition of minerals and salt crystallization by seawater spray from the eastern coast. The stone blocks were intersected by numerous cracks and contaminated by subsequent material such as cement mortar and iron plates. Also, the pagoda was colonized by algae, fungi, lichen and bryophytes on the roof rock surface and the gaps between the blocks. As a result of ultrasonic test, the rock materials fell under Highly Weathered Grade (HW) or Completely Weathered Grade (CW). Thus, conservational intervention is essentially required to prevent further weakening of the rock materials.

십자형 필렛 용접 이음부 의 굽힘피로 특성 에 대한 파괴역학적 고찰 (Fracture mechanics approach to bending fatigue behavior of cruciform fillet welded joint)

  • 엄동석;강성원;김영기
    • Journal of Welding and Joining
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    • 제3권2호
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    • pp.52-63
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    • 1985
  • Fillet welded joints, specially in ship structure, are well known the critical part where stress concentrate or crack initiates and grows. This paper is concerned with the study of the behavior of fatigue crack growth t the root and toe of load carrying cruciform fillet welded joints under three points bending by the determination of stress intensity factor from the J-Integral, using the Finite Element Method. The stress intensity factor was investigated in accordance to the variation of the weld size (H/Tp). weld penetration (a/W) and plate thickness (2a'/Tp). As mixed mode is occurred on account of shearing force under the three points bending, Stern's reciprocal theory is applied to confirm which mode is the major one. The main results may be summarized as follows 1) The calculation formula of the stress intensity factor at the both of root and toe of the joint was obtained to estimate the stress intensity factor in the arbitrary case. 2) The change of stress field around crack tip gives much influence on each other at the roof and toe as H/Tp decreases. 3) Mode I is a major mode under the three points bending.

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Seismic performance of a 10-story RC box-type wall building structure

  • Hwang, Kyung Ran;Lee, Han Seon
    • Earthquakes and Structures
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    • 제9권6호
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    • pp.1193-1219
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    • 2015
  • The purpose of this study is to evaluate the seismic performance of high-rise reinforced concrete (RC) box-type wall structures commonly used for most residential buildings in Korea. For this purpose, an analytical model was calibrated with the results of the earthquake simulation tests on a 1:5 scale 10-story distorted model. This calibrated model was then transformed to a true model. The performance of the true model in terms of the stiffness, strength, and damage distribution through inelastic energy dissipation was observed with reference to the earthquake simulation test results. The model showed high overstrength factors ranging from 3 to 4. The existence of slab in this box-type wall system changed the main resistance mode in the wall from bending moment to tension/compression coupled moment through membrane actions, and increased the overall resistance capacity by about 25~35%, in comparison with the common design practice of neglecting the slab's existence. The flexibility of foundation, which is also commonly neglected in the engineering design, contributes to 30~50% of the roof drift in the stiff direction containing many walls. The possibility of concrete spalling and reinforcement buckling and fracture under the maximum considered earthquake (MCE) in Korea appears to be very low when compared with the case of the 2010 Concepcion, Chile earthquake.

남한(南韓)의 형석광상(螢石鑛床)의 성인(成因)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (A Study on the Genesis of Fluorite Deposits of South Korea)

  • 지정만
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제8권1호
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    • pp.25-56
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    • 1975
  • Most fluorite deposits of South Korea are distributed in three metallogenic zones namly as: Hwacheon, Hwangangni and Geumsan metallogenic zones. Fluorite deposits of each zone show The characteristic features owing to the geological setting, the structural patterns and their forming processes. deposits of the Hwacheon metallogenic zone are wholly fissure filling hydrothermal veins emThe bedded in shear fractures of the granite gneiss or schists of Precambrian age or in the cooling fractures of the granite and acidic hypabyssal rocks which are assumed to be a differentiated sister rock of the granite. Localization of most fluorite veins of the region is structurally controlled by NW and EW fracture systems and genetically related to the granite intrusion which ascertained as motivating rock of the fluorite mineralization. Fluorites are in most cases accompanied by quartz, chalcedony mainly and rarely agate, calcite, barite and sulphide base metals in some localities. The deposits of the Hwangangni metallogenic zone were formed at the last stage of hydrothermal polymineralization of W, Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn. The majority of the fluorite ore bodies were originated from replacement in limestone beds of Great Limestone Series or in calcareous interbeds of metasediments, whereas some cavity-filling ore bodies were embedded in phyllites and schists of the Ockcheon system and along the fissures in the replaced beds which were originated by volume decrease. The localization of fluorite deposits in this region is genetically related to the Moongyong granite which has been dated as middle Cretaceous, and controlled structurally by the $N20^{\circ}{\sim}50^{\circ}W$ extension fracture system or axial planes of folds, and by faults of NE direction that acted as paths of ore solution. The deposits of the Geumsan metallogenic zone are seemed to be formed through the similar process as that of Hwangangni metallogenic zone, but characteristic distinctions are in that they are more prevailing fracture filling veins and large number of the deposits are localized in roof-pendants or xenolithes of limestone in granites and porphyries. Igneous rocks that presumably motivated the mineraltzation are middle Cretaceous Geumsan granite and porphyries. Metallogenic epoch of the fluorite mineralization of South Korea are puesumably limited in early-middle Cretaceous. Studies of the fluid inclusions in fluorites of the region reveal that the homogenization temperature of the fluorite deposits are as follows: Hwacheon metallogenic zone : $95^{\circ}C{\sim}165^{\circ}C$; Hwangangni metallogenic zone : $97^{\circ}C{\sim}235^{\circ}C$; Geumsan metallogenic zone : $93^{\circ}C{\sim}236^{\circ}C$. Judging from the above results, the deposits of the Hwancheon region were formed at the epithermal stage, and those in the Hwangangni and Geumsan regions, were deposited at epithermal stage preceded by mesothermal mineralization of small scale in which some sulphide minerals were deposited. The analytical data of minor elements in the fluorites reveal that ore solutions of Hwangangni metallogenic zone seemed to be emanated in more acidic stage of magma differentiation than Hwacheon metallogenic zone did.

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부여 정림사지 오층석탑의 보존과학적 풍화훼손도 평가 (Deterioration Assessment for Conservation Sciences of the Five Storied Stone Pagoda in the Jeongrimsaji Temple Site, Buyeo, Korea)

  • 김영택;이찬희;이명성
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제38권6호
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    • pp.675-687
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    • 2005
  • 부여 정림사지 오층석탑은 반상 흑운모 화강섬록암으로 총 149매의 부재로 이루어져 있다. 구성암석은 페그마타이트 세맥과 염기성 포획암을 함유하고 있으며, 사장석의 반상조직이 고르게 발달되어 있다. 이 탑은 부재의 탈락 및 파손이탈은 많지 않으나 대기오염과 산성비의 영향으로 전체적으로 석질이 약화되어 표면박리와 입자박락이 왕성하게 진행 중이다. 석탑의 4층옥개석을 구성하는 부재는 뒤틀림과 이격으로 인해 구조적인 불균형이 관찰된다. 이 불균형은 석탑 상층부의 안정성에 위협을 가하는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 암석의 용해반응으로 용출된 철과 망간산화물의 오염물질이 부재의 표면에 침착되어 화학적 풍화작용을 가중시키고 있다. 석탑의 거의 모든 표면은 황갈색, 암흑색 및 회백색 오염물로 피복되어 있으며, 특히 각층의 옥개석 하단부와 옥개받침에서 망간산화물과 회백색 침전물에 의한 표면착색이 심각하다. 부재의 표면에는 균류, 조류, 지의류나 선태류들이 기생하면서 연회색, 암회색 덴 암흑색 등 다양한 산출상태를 보인다 .기단부에는 일차적으로 균류와 조류에 의해 검게 변색된 표면 위를 회백색 고착 지의류가 밀생하고 있으며, 각층 옥개석의 상부에서는 수근식물이 자생하고 있다. 따라서 이 석탑은 구조적인 안정성을 규명하기 위해 정밀안전진단과 중장기적인 모니터링을 실시하여 상층부를 구성하는 부재의 거동을 면밀하게 검토해야 말 것이다. 특히 부재의 표면변색과 이차오염물질의 침착현상이 심각하여 정밀진단을 통한 종합적 보존방안의 수립과 임상실험을 통한 과학적 보존수복을 실시해야 한다.법성과 적법성 문제에 대한 갈등을 기본 서사구조로 제시한 채, 노동계를 포함한 시민사회와 정부기관이 대립적인 행위자로 등장했다. 사건의 갈등 해소 단계에서는 문제 해결을 위한 방법으로 두 신문이 대통령과 야당 지도자간의 정치적 해결과 노동법 통과에 대한 위헌론 제기를 중심으로 한 노동단체들의 지속적인 연대를 중심 서사구조로 각각 제시했다. 이 시기에서 주요 행위자들의 대립관계는 종료되었다. 조응분석 결과, 사건 발생과 위기 고조 단계, 그리고 갈등 해소 단계등 모든 시기에서 두 신문의 주요 행위자 구성에 있어서 차이가 나타났다. 다시 말해, 조선일보는 기본적으로 총파업을 둘러싼 문제의 구성과 발전, 해소 과정에서 정당이나 대통령, 야당 지도자 등과 같은 정치관련 행위자를 강조하고 있었다. 반면에, 한겨레는 대체로 로든 사건진행 단계에서 노동 관련 단체들과 시민단체의 역동적인 연대와 활동에 초점을 맞추고 있는 것으로 나타났다.술 후 24시간에 599.4$\pm$145.6, 678.8 $\pm$256.4였다(t-test, p < 0.05). 동종 수혈은 RAP군에서 34명 중 7명에서(20.6$\%$), 대조군에서는 46명중 16명에서(34.8$\%$) 시행되어, RAP군에서 유의하게 빈도가 낮았다(Chi-square test, p < 0.05). 결론: 역행성 자가 충전법은 심폐바이패스의 충전에 의한 혈액희석을 최소화함으로서, 개심술 후 출혈과 동종수혈을 또한 줄이는 데 효과적인 방법이 될

터널 축소모형실험을 통한 이방성 암반내 록볼트의 보강효과 검토 (Evaluation of Reinforcement Effect of Rock Bolts in Anisotropic Rock Mass Using Tunnel Scaled Model Tests)

  • 김종우
    • 터널과지하공간
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    • 제28권5호
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    • pp.442-456
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    • 2018
  • 본 연구에서는 터널의 축소모형실험을 통해 이방성 암반에 설치되는 록볼트의 보강효과를 검토하였다. 이를 위해 터널규격, 암석강도, 이방성 경사, 측압계수를 달리한 두 가지 터널사례를 실험하였다. 구슬달린 자수용 시침핀을 사용하여 전면접착식 D25 이형봉강 록볼트를 모델링하였고 이들을 모형터널의 천반과 측벽에 체계적으로 설치하였다. 첫 번째 사례에서, 무지보 모형은 터널 천정부에서 초기균열이 발생하였지만 록볼트 설치 모형은 록볼트가 설치되지 않은 영역인 터널 바닥부에서 초기균열이 발생하였다. 또한, 록볼트 설치 모형은 무지보 모형에 비해 균열개시압력과 최대압력이 각각 11%, 7% 더 컸고, 이방성 암반의 불연속면이 터널의 파괴거동에 미치는 영향은 작아져서 록볼트의 보강효과를 실험적으로 검증할 수 있었다. 지보패턴을 달리 적용한 두 번째 사례에서는, 록볼트의 길이와 수량이 큰 모형일수록 균열개시압력이 크고 하중에 따른 터널면적 축소비율은 작게 나타나, 록볼트의 길이와 수량을 증가시킬수록 록볼트의 성능이 향상됨을 알 수 있었다.

화순 운주사 원형다층석탑의 재질특성과 훼손도 평가 (Material Characteristics and Deterioration Assessment for Multi-storied Round shape Stone Pagoda of Unjusa Temple, Hwasun, Korea)

  • 박성미;이명성;김재환;이찬희
    • 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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    • 제45권1호
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    • pp.86-101
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    • 2012
  • 운주사 원형다층석탑의 주요 구성암석은 암편질응회암과 유문암질 각력응회암으로 담녹색 및 회색을 띠며 원마도가 불량한 암편을 함유하고 있다. 암편질응회암은 유리질 기질과 은미정질의 장석과 석영이 보이고 미정질 결정들이 나타난다. 유문암질 각력응회암에서는 장석 및 불투명 광물로 이루어진 기질에 석영과 장석이 반정으로 관찰된다. 석탑의 모든 부재에는 먼지, 박리박락, 공동, 탈락, 균열이 발달되어 있으며, 적외선 열화상 촬영 결과 부분적으로 내부 공극이 상당히 진행되어 박리를 유발하고 있는 상태이다. 또한 서측과 북측의 3층 이상 옥개석 상부에서는 회색, 녹색, 황갈색 등의 다양한 지의류 및 선태류들이 높은 점유율을 보인다. 기단부와 옥개석에는 산화망간, 산화철 및 수산화철 등의 무기오염물에 의한 변색이 나타난다. 석탑 부재의 화학적 풍화지수(CIA)와 풍화잠재지수(WPI)를 산출한 결과, 각각 55.69, 1.12로 상당히 풍화가 진행되었으며 초음파속도는 평균 2,892m/s, 풍화도지수와 일축압축강도는 각각 0.4k, $1,096kg/cm^3$로 암석의 강도와 내구성이 약화된 상태이다.

지하수로 포화된 석회석광산의 지반침하 사례연구 (A Case Study of Ground Subsidence in a Groundwater-saturated Limestone Mine)

  • 최우석;김은섭;강병천;신동춘;김수로;백승한
    • 지질공학
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    • 제25권4호
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    • pp.511-524
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    • 2015
  • 본 연구는 충청북도에 위치하는 지하수로 포화된 삼성석회석광산에서 발생한 지반침하에 대한 사례연구로서, 대상 지역의 지반조사 및 지반안정성평가를 바탕으로 침하원인을 규명하고 향후 침하가능성에 관하여 검토하였다. 조사 및 안정성평가 결과에 의하면 채굴구역은 강우 유입으로 인한 전단강도 저하로 전반적으로 불안정하게 평가되었으며, 미채굴 구역의 침하발생 주요 원인은 지하수위 하강에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 향후 침하 가능성과 관련하여, 채굴공동 천단의 암반층 두께가 얇은 구간이나 인장절리 발달이 활발한 구간이 존재하고 채굴공동 주변의 지반상태가 불량하므로 침하가 발생할 경우 침하의 영향은 주변 지반으로 확산될 가능성이 있다. 또한 연구지역 내 석회암 분포지역에서는 석회암층 내자연 용식공동의 함몰이나 양수 등 인위적 요인의 영향으로 인해 지하수위 저하나 강우침투에 의한 공동에서의 유로변화 및 수위변화가 발생할 경우 추가적인 침하가 발생할 수 있으며, 이에 대한 보강 및 관리 대책이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

차령화강암(車嶺花崗岩) 저반(底盤)과 이에 관련된 금속광상(金屬鑛床)의 암석학적(岩石學的) 및 지질구조적(地質構造的) 연구(硏究) (The Petrochemical and Structural Study on the Charyong Batholith and its Associated Metallic Deposits)

  • 김옥준
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제10권3호
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    • pp.107-117
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    • 1977
  • The Charyong batholith extends northeasterly from the west coast to the west of Wonju in the central parts of Korean Penninsula. The batholith is separated by the metamorphic complex into the northern and the southern granites. and is believed to intrude during the Daebo orogeny of early Jurassic to early Cretaceous age. It constitutes a sort of anticlinorium and the metamorphic complex can be regarded as a huge roof pendant. The modal analysis indicates that the Charyong batholith belongs to a series of adamellite-granodiorte-to-nalite. The oxidation property happened during a magmatic segregation reveals that the batholith shows in general orogenic assimilation trend. The granites of early to middle Jurassic age show orogenic assimilation trend, whereas those of late Jurassic to early Cretaceous age post orogenic noassimilation trend. The fracture system of the whole region is two folds: the fractures having attitute of $N25{\sim}40^{\circ}E$ and $70^{\circ}SE$ are regarded as tension fractures, and those of NS, and 50E to vertical and $N50^{\circ}E$ and $80^{\circ}E$ to vertical as shear fractures. All these facts suggest definitely that the Charyong batholith is the syntectonic intrusives during the Daebo orogeny. The mineral deposits in the area studied are gold-silver deposits in majority which was named by O,J.Kim(1970) as the Chonan metallogenic province. They are sulfides baring quartz veins which were emplaced along the tension and shear fractures originated by the Daebo orogeny.

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1개 종합병원 환자의 낙상에 관한 조사 (A Study on Fall Accident)

  • 이현숙;김매자
    • 대한간호
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    • 제36권5호
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    • pp.45-62
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    • 1998
  • The study was conducted from November 1995 to May 1996 at the one general hospital in Seoul. The total subjects of this study were 412 patients who have the experience of fall accident, among them 31 was who have fallen during hospitalization and 381 was who visited emergency room and out patient clinic. The purposes of this study were to determine the characteristics, risk factors and results of fall accident and to suggest the nursing strategies for prevention of fall. Data were collected by reviewing the medical records and interviewing with the fallers and their family members. For data analysis, spss/pc+ program was utilized for descriptive statistics, adjusted standardized $X^2$-test. The results of this study were as follows: 1) Total subjects were 412 fallers, of which 245(59.5%) were men and 167(40.5%) were women. Age were 0-14 years 79(19.2%), 15-44 years 125(30.4%), 45-64 years 104(25.2%), over 65 years 104(25.2%). 2) There was significant association between age and the sexes ($X^2$=39.17, P=0.00). 3) There was significant association between age and history of falls ($X^2$=44.41. P= .00). And history of falls in the elderly was significantly associated with falls. 4) There was significant association with age and medical diagnosis ($X^2$=140.66, P= .00), chief medical diagnosis were hypertension(34), diabetis mellitus(22), arthritis(11), stroke(8), fracture(7), pulmonary tuberculosis(6), dementia(5) and cataract(5), 5) There was significant association between age and intrinsic factors: cognitive impairment, mobility impairment, insomnia, emotional problems, urinary difficulty, visual impairments, hearing impairments, use of drugs (sedatives , antihypertensive drugs, diuretics, antidepressants) (P < 0.05). But there was no significant association between age and dizziness ($X^2$=2.87, P=.41). 6) 15.3% of total fallers were drunken state when they were fallen. 7) Environmental factors of fall accident were unusual posture (50.9%), slips(35.2%), trips (9.5%) and collision(4.4%). 8) Most of falls occurred during the day time, peak frequencies of falls occurred from 1pm to 6pm and 7am to 12am. 9) The places of fall accident were roads(22.6%), house-stairs 06.7%), rooms, floors, kitchen (11.2%), the roof-top, veranda, windows(10.9%), hospital(7.5%), ice or snowy ways(5.8%), bathroom(4.9%), playground, park(4.9%), subway-stairs(4.4%) and public-bathrooms (2.2%). 10) Activities at the time of fall accident were walking(37.6%), turning around or reaching for something(20.9%), going up or down stairs09.2%), exereise, working07.4%), up or down from a bed(2.7%), using wheelchair or walking aids, standing up or down from a chair(2.2%) and standing still(2.2%). 11) Anatomical locations of injuries by falls were head, face, neck(31.3%), lower extremities (29.9%). upper extremities(20.6%), spine, thorax, abdomen or pelvic contents(l1.4%) and unspecified(2.9%). 12) Types of injures were fracture(47.6%), bruises03.8%), laceration (13.3%), sprains(9.0%), headache(6.6%), abrasions(2.9%), intracranial hemorrage(2.4%) and burns(0.5%). 13) 41.5% of the fallers were hospitalized and average of hospitalization was 22.3 days. 14) The six fallers(1.46%) died from fall injuries. The two fallers died from intracranial hemorrage and the four fallers died of secondary infection; pneumonia(2), sepsis(1) and cell lulitis(1). It is suggested that 1) Further study is needed with larger sample size to identify the fall risk factors. 2) After the fall accident, comprehensive nursing care and regular physical exercise should be emphasized for the elderly person. 3) Safety education and safety facilities of the public place and home is necessary for fall prevention.

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