• 터널과지하공간
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1997

Engineering rock mass classification is extensively used to determine the reasonable support system throughout the tunneling process in the field. Selection of support system based on the results of engineering rock mass classification is simple and straight-forward. However, this method cannot consider the effect of in-situ stresses, mechanical properties of support material, and support installation time on the behavior or rock-support system To handle the various conditions encountered in the underground excavation sites rock-support system. To handle the various conditions encountered in th eunderground excavation sites rock-support interaction program has been developed. This program can analyze the interaction between rock mass and support materials and also can simulate the tunnel excavation-support insstallation process by controlling the support installation time and the stiffness of support system. Practical applicability of this program was verfied by comparing the results of support design to those from rock mass classification for virtual underground excavation at the drilling site KD-06 in Geoje island.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.197-208
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• 1996

Due to the constraints in pre site-investigation for tunnel, it is essential to redesign the support structures suitable for rock mass conditions such as rock strength, ground water and discontinuity conditions for safe tunnel construction. For the selection of optimum support, it is very important to carry out the rock mass classification and in-situ measurement in tunnelling. In this paper, in a mountain tunnel designed by NATM in hard rock, the selectable system for optimum support has been studied. The tunnel is situated at Chun-an in Kyungbu highspeed railway line with 2 lanes over a length of 4, 020 m and a diameter of 15 m. The tunnel was constructed by drill & blasting method and long bench cut method, designed five types of standard support patterns according to rock mass conditions. In this tunnel, face mapping based on image processing of tunnel face and rock mass classification by RMR carried out for the quantitative evaluation of the characteristics of rock mass and compared with rock mass classes in design. Also, in-situ measurement of convergence and crown settlement conducted about 30 m interval, assessed the stability of tunnel from the analysis of monitoring data. Through the results of rock mass classification and in-situ measurement in several sections, the design of supports were modified for the safe and economic tunnelling.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.476-479
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• 2007

The selection of the support system is an important design parameter in design and construction of the tunnel using the new Australian tunnel method. It is a common practice to select the support based on the rock mass grade, in which the rock mass is classified into five rock groups. The method is applicable if the characteristics of the rock mass are uniform in the vertical direction. However, such case is seldom encountered in practice and not applicable when the properties vary along the vertical direction. This study performs comprehensive three dimensional finite difference analyses to investigate the ground deformation pattern for cases in which the rock mass properties change in the vertical direction of the tunnel axis. The numerically calculated displacements at the tunnel crown show that the displacement is highly dependent on the stiffness contrast of the rock masses. The results strongly indicate the need to select the support type $0.5{\sim}1.0D$(vertical direction) on the rock mass boundary. The paper proposes a new guideline for selecting the support type based the results of the analyses.

• 한국암반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국암반공학회 1995년도 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.1-26
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• 1995

Key aspects of the Norwegian Method of Tunnelling (NMT) are reviewed. These include a predictive method of support design using the six-parameter Q-system of rock mass characterisation. The rock mass rating or Q-value is updated during tunnel driving. The designed tunnel support generally consists of wet process, steel fibre reinforced shotcrete combined with fully grouted, untensioned rock bolts, Even in poor rock conditions S(fr) + B usually acts as the final rock reinforcement and tunnel lining. Since it is a drained lining, it is very economic compared to cast concrete with membranes. Light, free-standing steel liners are used to prevent water affecting the runnel environment. Rock mass conditions, and hence lining design and cost estimation can be assessed by careful use of seismic surveys. Relationships between the P-wave velocity, the rock mass deformation modulus and the Q-value have recently been established, where tunnel depth, rock porosity and the uniaxial compression strength of the rock are important variables. The rock mass modulus estimate, and simple index testing of the joints, provide the key input which joints are discretely represented (either in two dimensions with the UDEC code or in three dimensions with the 3DEC code) is generally favoured compared to continuum analysis. The latter may give a misleading impression of uniformity and deformations tend to be understimated. Q-system NMT designs of S(fr) + B (fibre reinforced shotcrete and bolting) are numerically checked and adjustments made to bolt capacities and shotcrete thickness if overloading is evident around the modelled profile.

• 한국암반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국암반공학회 2000년도 암반공학문제의 수치해석(Numerical Analysis in Rock Engineering Problems)
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• pp.155-161
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• 2000

터널공학에 있어서 지보시스템에 가해지는 최종 하중을 제어하기 위한 지보의 거동에 관한 많은 연구가실시되었다. 기술적으로 타당한 설계와 안전율이 확보된 경제적인 시공을 위해서는 해석의 신뢰성이 확보되어야 한다. 또한 굴착과 보강의 일련의 시공과정에 대한 역학적인 이해가 필요하며 암반-지보 반응거동에 대한 규명이 이루어 져야 한다. 암반과 지보의 거동에 관한 대부분의 연구는 단순화한 가정에 의한 이론적 해석이 주를 이루고 있다. 또한 터널 주위의 암반 조건에 따른 명확한 기준이 없어 터널 설계시 어려움이 많다. 본 연구에서는 유한차분해석 프로그램인 FLAC을 이용하여 암반조건에 따른 해석을 실시하여 암반-지보 반응곡선을 구하였다. 실제 시공과 유사한 조건을 부여하기 위해 암반등급과 측압계수를 달리하여 해석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 암반조건에 다른 암반-지보 반응곡선의 nomogram을 도출하였으며, 이는 설계 초기에 지보압 및 터널의 허용변위에 대한 효율적인 예측을 실시하는데 있어 유용할 것이다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.403-409
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• 2000

터널공학에 있어서 지보시스템에 가해지는 최종 하중을 제어하기 위한 지보의 거동에 관한 많은 연구가 실시되었다. 기술적으로 타당한 설계와 안전율이 확보된 경제적인 시공을 위해서는 해석의 신뢰성이 확보되어야 한다. 또한 굴착과 보강의 일련의 시공과정에 대한 역학적인 이해가 필요하며 암반-지보 반응거동에 대한 규명이 이루어져야 한다. 암반과 지보의 거동에 관한 대부분의 연구는 단순화한 가정에 의한 이론적 해석이 주를 이루고 있다. 또한 터널 주위의 암반 조건에 따른 명확한 기준이 없어 터널 설계 시 어려움이 많다 본 연구에서는 유한차분해석 프로그램인 FLAC을 이용하여 암반조건에 따른 해석을 실시하여 암반-지보 반응곡선을 구하였다. 실제 시공과 유사한 조건을 부여하기 위해 암반등급과 측압계수를 달리하여 해석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 암반조건에 다른 암반-지보 반응곡선의 nomogram을 도출하였으며, 이는 설계 초기에 지보압 및 터널의 허용변위에 대한 효율적인 예측을 실시하는데 있어 유용할 것이다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.296-306
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• 1998

바쿤 수력발전 공사계획은 대형댐과 2,520 MW 출력량의 수력발전소를 건설하는 대형 턴키 프로젝트이며 현재는 발전댐 건설에 앞서 3개의 가베수 터널이 시공중에 있다. 바쿤 지역은 유기물 함량이 높아 쉽게 부서지는 퇴적지층으로 이러한 열대우림지역에서 가배수로 터널의 지보설계를 위해 전체적인 암층단위를 공학적인 목적과 역학적 거동양상을 토대로 주도적인 암종에 따라 분류하였다. 또한 이러한 암층단위를 기준으로 풍화정도와 절리의 빈도 및 특성을 고려하여 다시 4개의 암반유형으로 분류하였고 또한 가배수로 터널의 특성과 현재의 지반특성과 현재의 지반특성을 고려하여 지반내 swelling 광물의 존재를 확인하였다. 다양한 암반과 지보조건에 적합한 다양한 Swellex 록볼트를 적용하였으며 지지력이 낮은 록볼트를 사용할 대 발생되는 문제는 볼트의 면적에 따른 록볼트의 양을 조절하여 해결하였다. 또한 계측결과와 전산해석 결과에 따라 지보재의 설치간격, 수량을 조절하였으며, 계측결과에 따른 역해석을 실시하여 최적의 지보패턴을 결정하였다.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.375-378
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• 2007

The selection of the support system is an important design parameter in design and construction of the tunnel using the new Australian tunnel method. It is a common practice to select the support based on the rock mass grade, in which the rock mass is classified into five rock groups. The method is applicable if the characteristics of the rock mass are uniform in the direction of tunnel excavation. However, such case is seldom encountered in practice and not applicable when the properties vary along the longitudinal direction. This study performs comprehensive three dimensional finite difference analyses to investigate the ground deformation pattern for cases in which the rock mass properties change in the direction of the tunnel axis. The numerically calculated displacements at the tunnel crown show that the displacement is highly dependent on the stiffness contrast of the rock masses. The results strongly indicate the need to select the support type $0.5\sim1.0D$ before the rock mass boundary. The paper proposes a new guideline for selecting the support type based the results of the analyses.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.104-113
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• 1995

Shear strength of the discontinuity on which the pre-failure of rock slope was occurred during surface excavation was measured through the direct shear test using core samples obtained in-situ. Internal friction angle was increased as the roughness of discontinuity surface(JRC) was increased. Results of the tilt test using core samples of higher JRC also showed very similar trend as those of the direct shear test. When the samples replicated from natural cores were used int he tilt test, results of friction angles showed almost perfect continuation of the residual friction angles from the direct shear test. However, when the gouge material existed in the discontinuity the internal friction angle strongly depended upon the rate of filling thickness to the height of asperity irrespective of the JRC. Based on the results of both direct shear test and tilt test internal friction angle and cohesion of discontinuity, which reflect the in-situ conditions fo pre-sliding failure and also can be used for the optimum design of support system, were assessed. Two kinds of support measures which were expected to increase the stability of rock slope were considered; lowering of slope face angle and installation of rock cable. But, it was found that the first method might lead to more unstable conditions of rock slope when the cohesion of discontinuity plane was negligibly low and in that case the support systems of any kind which could exert actual resisting force were needed to ensure the permanent stability of rock slope.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.215-227
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• 1994

Rock Mass classifications have been developed in many European countries. The most widely used classification methods are the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system proposed by Bieniawski(1973) and the Q-system developed By Barton et al. (1974). These methods are also adopted at many mountain tunnels and subway sites in our country. Here, a geomechanical classification for slopeds in rock, the "Slope Mass Rating"(SMR) is presented for the preliminary assessment of slope stabiliyt. This method can be applied to excavation and support design in the front part of tunnel and cutting area as a guide line and recommendation on support methods which allow a systemmetic use of geomechanical classification for rock slopes.