• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.2892-2913
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• 2016

Network virtualization promises to play a dominant role in shaping the future Internet by overcoming the Internet ossification problem. However, due to the injecting of additional virtualization layers into the network architecture, several new security risks are introduced by the network virtualization. Although traditional protection mechanisms can help in virtualized environment, they are not guaranteed to be successful and may incur high security overheads. By performing the virtual network (VN) embedding in a security-aware way, the risks exposed to both the virtual and substrate networks can be minimized, and the additional techniques adopted to enhance the security of the networks can be reduced. Unfortunately, existing embedding algorithms largely ignore the widespread security risks, making their applicability in a realistic environment rather doubtful. In this paper, we attempt to address the security risks by integrating the security factors into the VN embedding. We first abstract the security requirements and the protection mechanisms as numerical concept of security demands and security levels, and the corresponding security constraints are introduced into the VN embedding. Based on the abstraction, we develop three security-risky modes to model various levels of risky conditions in the virtualized environment, aiming at enabling a more flexible VN embedding. Then, we present a mixed integer linear programming formulation for the VN embedding problem in different security-risky modes. Moreover, we design three heuristic embedding algorithms to solve this problem, which are all based on the same proposed node-ranking approach to quantify the embedding potential of each substrate node and adopt the k-shortest path algorithm to map virtual links. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our algorithms.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.41.1-41.23
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of various local anesthesia (LA) in vital asymptomatic teeth. Materials and Methods: Randomized controlled trials comparing pulpal anesthesia of various LA on vital asymptomatic teeth were included in this review. Searches were conducted in the Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Google Scholar and 3 field-specific journals from inception to May 3, 2019. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool were done by 2 independent reviewers in duplicate. Network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed within the frequentist setting using STATA 15.0. The LA was ranked, and the surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) line was plotted. The confidence of the NMA estimates was assessed using the CINeMA web application. Results: The literature search yielded 1,678 potentially eligible reports, but only 42 were included in this review. For maxillary buccal infiltration, articaine 4% with epinephrine 1:100,000 was more efficacious than lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:100,000 (odds ratio, 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-3.89). For mandibular buccal infiltration, articaine 4% with epinephrine 1:100,000 was more efficacious than various lidocaine solutions. The SUCRA ranking was highest for articaine 4% with epinephrine when used as maxillary and mandibular buccal infiltrations, and lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:80,000 when used as inferior alveolar nerve block. Inconsistency and imprecision were detected in some of the NMA estimates. Conclusions: Articaine 4% with epinephrine is superior when maxillary or mandibular infiltration is required in vital asymptomatic teeth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.783-788
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• 2021

Although the Korean government (Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries) and related organizations are enforcing many policies to improve the marine safety of vessels with weak safety management, the effectiveness of each policy is deficient due to the lack of a risk assessment method for ship safety management. Most previous studies in Korea of the risk assessment of ships only dealt with fragmentary risks of individual marine accident risks, so a new assessment method for comprehensive marine accident risk is needed. Examples of comprehensive risk assessments for ship safety management are the selection method for inspection targets by the Port State Control and the Norwegian Maritime Authority. In this study, indicators for the comprehensive risk assessment of ship safety management were developed for and applied to coastal/offshore fishing vessels that occupy a high proportion of the registrations and marine accidents in Korea. As a result, the risk of each ship was confirmed quantitatively, and a ranking of the weakness factors for ship safety management was identified.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.78-84
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• 2020

The F&EI technique is one of the risk assessments with many advantages. It can save time and effort compared to quantitative risk assessment (QRA). By using the evaluation result of this technique, it is possible to check the effectiveness of the investment cost. In addition, a relative risk ranking can be created and used to establish the facility management cycle and to prioritize investment. However, evaluating the target process can be evaluated more than the actual risk since the LCCF, a loss prevention measure, is too limited. In addition, calculating premiums via this method can result in excessive premiums, making it difficult to evaluate the risk precisely. Therefore, new safety guard was added to the LCCF of the F&EI risk assessment with reference to HAZOP and LOPA techniques. Newly added LCCFs are Deflagration arrester, Check valve, SIS, and Vacuum beaker, etc. As a case study, F&EI risk assessment was performed on Acetone storage tank of a API (Active pharmaceutical ingredient) plant to compare actual MPPD. The estimated loss amount was 592,558$ for the existing technique and 563,571$ for the improved technique, which was reduced by about 5% compared to the previous one.This proved that a more precise evaluation is possible and that the efforts for safety at the workplace are reflected in the evaluation results.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.17-33
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• 2018

This study investigates the stability of professionals' cost variability factor-rankings across different levels of cost-variability and response scenarios. Descriptive statistics are used to examine the stability of factor-ranking for 20 cost variability factors and a Multinomial Logistic (MNL) regression model was implemented to examine the stability of cost variability factors across three cost variability levels. The finding on the descriptive statistics indicated that professionals' factors-rankings are stable only for external factors. The MNL regression results on factor-stability suggested that 8 out of the 20 evaluated factors were unstable determinant of lower cost variability levels. These factors are "risk associated with the project", "personal bias and poor professionalism of the estimators", "limited time available to complete the project", "lack of skills and experience by estimator" "geographical location of projects", "incomplete & rush designs for estimate", "unforeseen or unexpected site constraints", "high class bidders for the contractors". Similarly lack of experience and large size projects were observed to be unstable as well. These observations suggest that professionals' view on pre-tender cost variability factor-ranking yields unstable factor rankings hence should not be relied upon as the only mechanisms to mitigate cost related risks in construction projects.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.695-717
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• 2012

Seismic resiliency of new buildings has improved over the years due to better seismic codes and design practices. However, there is still large number of vulnerable and seismically deficient buildings. It is not economically feasible to retrofit and upgrade all vulnerable buildings, thus there is a need for rapid screening tool. Many factors contribute to the damageability of buildings; this makes seismic evaluation a complex multi-criteria decision making problem. Many of these factors are noncommensurable and involve subjectivity in evaluation that highlights the use of fuzzy-based method. In this paper, a risk-based framework earlier proposed by Tesfamariam and Saatcioglu (2008a) is extended using Fuzzy-TOPSIS method and applied to develop an evaluation and ranking scheme for steel buildings. The ranking is based on damageability that can help decision makers interpret the results and take appropriate decision actions. Finally, the application of conceptual model is demonstrated through a case study of 1994 Northridge earthquake data on seismic damage of steel buildings.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.90-98
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• 2016

High-rise buildings construction project have various risk factors. Major risk factors are negative results such as time delay and increase of costs. Therefore, this study was analyzed risk factors in construction stages of high-rise buildings using by PROMETHEE technique. For this, this research were identified risk factors through experts Focus Group Interview(FGI). And, PROMETHEE was used to setup evaluation standard for analysis of high-rise building construction risks. Next, the standard of evaluation index calculation was composed by using the definition level in PDRI. Preference function and evaluation index were identified through questionnaires. Through these processes, this study has calculated the importance of high-rise building construction risks using by PROMETHEE technique. As a result, high degree risk factors were as following. These are 'Operation plan of material lifting', 'Outrigger & Belt Truss Construction', 'Foundation work plan of high-rise building' and 'Considering a Structure concept of high-rise building'.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.373-376
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to present the proper probability distribution model based on the data obtained from surveys on domestic refrigerator food storage temperatures in home. Domestic refrigerator temperatures were determined as risk factors in foodborne disease outbreaks for microbial risk assessment (MRA). The temperature was measured by directly visiting 139 homes using a data logger from May to September of 2009. The overall mean temperature for all the refrigerators in the survey was $3.53{\pm}2.96^{\circ}C$, with 23.6% of the refrigerators measuring above $5^{\circ}C$. Probability distributions were also created using @RISK program based on the measured temperature data. Statistical ranking was determined by the goodness of fit (GOF, i.e., the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) or Anderson-Darling (AD) test) to determine the proper probability distribution model. This result showed that the LogLogistic (-10.407, 13.616, 8.6107) distribution was found to be the most appropriate for the MRA model. The results of this study might be directly used as input variables in exposure evaluation for conducting MRA.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.133-145
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• 1992

The sanitation inspection is the most frequently used procedure to protect foods prepared in foodservice establishments. In order to enhance foodservice inspections and to improve post-inspection remedial measures, more practical evaluation methods for sanitation are required. The HACCP approach is based upon factors which contribute to foodborne disease rather than of factors which relate to aesthetics. Contributing factors for foodborne diseases from food service establishments reported in USA, Candada, and England were analyzed to identify potential hazards during practical foodservice operations. Hazards were classified at critical control points by risk ranking, Twenty-two observable practical indicators relating to each contributing factor were selected and adjusted to standardized procedures and hazard determiners at critical control points, The weights for each inspection item were ranked as 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 according to the risk level of contributing factors. And also application for the inspection item in different 6 types of work procedures were suggested for the use of specialized foodservice establishment and cafeteria, and of manager's self inspection in each establishment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 1992.07a
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• pp.33-45
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• 1992

The sanitation inspection is the most frequently used procedure to protect foods prepared in foodservice establishments. In order to enhance foodservioe inspections and to improve post-inspection remedial measures, more practical evaluation methods for sanitation are required. The HACCP approach is based upon factors which contribute to foodborne disease rather than on factors which relate to aesthetics. Contributing factors for foodborne disease from foodservice establishments reported in USA, Canada, and England were analyzed to identify potential hazards during practical foodservioe operations. Hazards were classified at critical control points by risk ranking. Twenty-two observable practical indicators relating to each contributing factor were selected and adjusted to standardized procedures and hazard determiners at critical contral points. The weights for each inspection item were ranked as 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 according to the risk level of contributing factors. And also application for the inspection item in different 6 types of work procedures was suggested for the use of specialized foodservice establishment and cafeteria, and of manager's self inspection in each establishment.