• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.655-663
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• 2014

Let R be a ring with identity, X(R) the set of all nonzero, non-units of R and G(R) the group of all units of R. We show that for a matrix ring $M_n(D)$, $n{\geq}2$, if a, b are singular matrices of the same rank, then ${\mid}o_{\ell}(a){\mid}={\mid}o_{\ell}(b){\mid}$, where $o_{\ell}(a)$ and $o_{\ell}(b)$ are the orbits of a and b, respectively, under the left regular action. We also show that for a semisimple Artinian ring R such that $X(R){\neq}{\emptyset}$, $$R{{\sim_=}}{\oplus}^m_{i=1}M_n_i(D_i)$$, with $D_i$ infinite division rings of the same cardinalities or R is isomorphic to the ring of $2{\times}2$ matrices over a finite field if and only if ${\mid}o_{\ell}(x){\mid}={\mid}o_{\ell}(y){\mid}$ for all $x,y{\in}X(R)$.

• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2012

Hoe beak village (Donggu manseokdong, Akasaki Village) is the oldest slums in Incheon. Recently, 'Mixed residential environment improvement project' is being promoted as Aboriginal entire resettlement goals in place of 'new building reconstruction and redevelopment projects' knock down everything this hoe beak village existed already. Resident representatives meeting configuration goes, but still do business magazine in the right direction. Therefore, in this study, the proposed architectural solutions to meet the demand of residents on the research problems, performed in a manner that the local improved hoe Buri village residential environment improvement projects and analyze the current situation and characteristics. In this study, the following improvements are presented. Prepare guidelines and maintain design guidelines for maintaining the identity of the village, Improve continuous landscape of the village, Construction of mixed-use sanitation facilities, Using a mini-lot and Vacant for Ssamzie Park Development, Units of housing types for Shared housing and co-operation are proposed.

• English & American cultural studies
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.31-63
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the attitudes and practices of life demanded for authentic existence in adversity, focusing on Toni Morrison's Home which was published in 2012. Home portrays the journey of Frank Money, an African-American veteran of the Korean War who strives to extricate his sister Cee from inhumane violence. Through this work, Morrison criticizes prevalent racism in the 1950s which is regarded as a time of affluence and peace through this sibling's agony. In this paper, firstly I attempt to examine the aspects of racism which Frank and Cee face and their distorted survival strategies. Secondly I try to find the right direction of brother and sister relationship based on Frank and Cee who are compared to Hansel and Gretel. Thirdly I try to point out the importance of self-reflection required for the healing process of Frank and Cee who overcome adversity and restore their identity with the help of Samaritans. And I investigate the possibility of ethical practice going beyond my family to strangers.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제39권1_2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2021

Let R be a prime ring, Qr be the right Martindale quotient ring and C be the extended centroid of R. If �� be a nonzero generalized skew derivation of R and f(x1, x2, ⋯, xn) be a multilinear polynomial over C such that (��(f(x1, x2, ⋯, xn)) - f(x1, x2, ⋯, xn)) ∈ C for all x1, x2, ⋯, xn ∈ R, then either f(x1, x2, ⋯, xn) is central valued on R or R satisfies the standard identity s4(x1, x2, x3, x4).

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.141-154
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• 2022

Let R be a commutative ring with identity. Denote by w𝒫_w the class of weak w-projective R-modules and by w𝒫_w^⊥ the right orthogonal complement of w𝒫_w. It is shown that (w𝒫_w, w𝒫_w^⊥) is a hereditary and complete cotorsion theory, and so every R-module has a special weak w-projective precover. We also give some necessary and sufficient conditions for weak w-projective modules to be w-projective. Finally it is shown that when we discuss the existence of a weak w-projective cover of a module, it is enough to consider the w-envelope of the module.

• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.5-33
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• 2019

This study aims to explore the implications of the 2019 European Parliament elections. Existing studies show that European elections serve as secondary elections dominated by domestic issues. However, the 2019 European elections have highlighted pan-European issues such as the Brexit negotiations and the rise of far-right populism, with voter turnout also rising sharply to 50.62%, which is the highest record since the 2000s. There was also a significant change in the number of parliamentary seats held by each political group. First, the European People's Party(EPP) and the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats(S&D), which had hitherto led the European Parliament, failed to achieve a majority. Second, the number of seats won by Renew Europe, a new liberal-centrist group, was considerably high. Third, the far-right groups organized a full-fledged political force by rallying around the Identity and Democracy(ID) group. The rise of liberal-centrism can be explained as a reaction to the popularity of anti-European populism. Renew Europe's emphasis on open-market competition has created a different issue, especially since the center-left and center-right groups have stressed on the need for state intervention in employment, welfare, security and immigration control. Along with far-right populism, liberal centrism has also reshuffled Europe's political cleavage, and the conflict between 'liberalism' and 'protectionism' has become more evident in the European Parliament.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• 제31권
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• pp.165-188
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• 1997

This study aims at 1) examining the perceived importance of clothing norms 2) examining relationship between perceptions of clothing norms clothing behavior and psycho-logical variables-ego identity(uniqueness and self acceptance) and sex role identity and 3) ascertaining any significant differences in the level of the perceived importance of clothing norms among variables-sex role identity and the uniqueness in psychological variables-and which variables are influencingon perception of clothing norms. The perception of cloth in norms inventory clothing norms inventory clothin behavior inventory ego identity in-ventory and the Bem Sex Role Inventory were administered to 620 college students. Sex role identity was classified into androgynous mas-culine feminine and undifferentiated type. Subjects were asked to rate each statement on the clothing norms under two kinds of instructions: their attitudes(TATT) and their beliefs about the expectations of others toward clothing norms(TBEO). 1) The scores of 3 TBEO of the students were higher than the scores of TATT. But the scores of TBEO concerning modesty of students were lower than the scores of TATT. Discrepancy scores of TATT and TBEO of the students were revealed significances differently according to clothing norms. males lower and higher class students had more free attitudes to the norms concerning genaral clothing attitudes. Females and higher class students had less free attitudes to the clothing norms concerning modesty. Females and lower and higher class students had more free attitudes to the norms concening sex-role related clothing attitudes but male students had less free to the sex-role related clothing norms. 2) Significant negative correlations between each variable of clothing norms and conform-ity-individuality were found. But negative correlations between those variables of the males and lower class students were higher than the correlations of the female and higher class students and the former had more posi-tive relationships with clothing norms and con-formity as compared with the latter. And sig-nificant positive correlations between each variable of clothing norms and modesty were found. But positive correlations between those variables of the males females and higher class students were higher than the correlations of the lower class students and the latter had less positive relationship with clothing norms and modesty as compared with the former. 3) Significant negative correlations between clothing norms and uniqueness were found in the subjects groups. The females and lower class students had more negative relationships with clothing norms and uniqueness as compared with the male and higher class students. Significant positive correlations be-tween uniqueness and conformity-individuality were found in all subjects groups, Therefore the higher uniqueness the student have the less they perceive theimportance of clothing norms and the more they have individuality. Significant positive correlations between sex-role related(higher class) general(female) clothing norms and self acceptance were found. but significant negative correlations be-tween campus style(higher class) general(female) clothing norms and self acceptance were found. But significant negative correlations be-tween campus style(males lower class, higher class) clothing norms and self acceptance were found. Clothing norms therfore related posi-tively or negatively with self acceptance ac-cording to the subjects groups. And significant negative correlations between conformity in-dividuality and self acceptance was found in higher class students. 4) The female masculine groups and the masculine groups of lower class revealed high scores than the scores of andrgynous group and undifferentiated group in clothing norms concerning modesty. And the feminine group revealed high scores in conformity-individu-ality than the scores of the masculine group. Male masculine and feminine group revealed high scores in clothing norms concerning cam-pus style than the scores of the androgynous group. The masculine group and feminine group of the lower classes revealed high scores in general clothing norms than the scores of the androgynous group. 5) The most influencing variables on the clothing norms were sex conformity-individu-altiy and masculine-feminine variables in the right order. The general clothing norms and clothing norms concerning modesty were influened by the sex role identity but the sex role related clothing norms and clothing norms concerning campus style were influenced by the ego identity. 6) Based on the sum scores of the uniqueness each group of the subjects was separately segmened into "high medium and low" groups. By the analysis of variances sig-nificant differences in discrepancy scores of TBEO and TATT among 3 uniqueness level groups were found on all clothing norms variables in all students three clothing norms variables in male and female students and one clothing norms variable in lower and higher students and in each clothing norms variable the mean discrepancy scores of the high uniqueness group were higher than those of the other groups. The findings indicated that the differences in the discrepancy score mainly contributed to the results of correla-tions described above.bed above.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.223-250
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• 2012

The reference-class problem is known as a problem that frequentism on the nature of probability is supposed to encounter. Alan H$\acute{a}$jek argues that other theories on the nature of probability also meet this problem inevitably and claims that we can resolve the problem by regarding conditional probabilities as primitive. In this paper I shall present an adequate way of understanding the reference-class problem and its philosophical implications by scrutinizing his argument. H$\acute{a}$jek's claim is to be classified into the following two: (i) probability is relative to its reference class and (ii) what is known as the 'Ratio' analysis of conditional probability is wrong. H$\acute{a}$jek believes that these two are to be closely related but I believe these two should be separated. Moreover, I shall claim that we should accept the former but not the latter. Finally, regarding the identity condition of reference class I shall distinguish the extensional criterion from the non-extensional one. I shall claim that the non-extensional criterion is the right one for the identity condition of reference class by arguing that the reference-class problem should be regarded as an instance of the qua-problem.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.25-44
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• 2017

This study analyzes the relative importance and priorities on the early childhood teacher's rights using hierarchical analysis process(AHP) and suggests the theoretical and practical implications. We conducted the survey of the practitioners and academics in order to provide comprehensive and balanced discussion on the area of early childhood teacher's rights and sub-factors. The results of analyses show that the professional authority is the most important rights of establishing the early childhood teacher's rights. Second, the results show that the rights to guide young children and to decide on a teaching method are more important than other factors in professional authorities. Third, the results indicate that the right to have an their identity and the right of claim for remuneration are more important than others in the Publicness. In the labor factor, the experts emphasize that the right to make union for early childhood teachers is more important than the right of teachers' union for bargaining. These confirm the difference of the perceptions of the relative importance and priority on the areas of early childhood teacher's rights and sub-factors between the practitioners and academics. Based on these findings, we discuss the implications for improving the early childhood teacher's rights.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 대한안전경영과학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.109-121
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• 2009

In these OECD countries, left-wingers Government focus on unemployment, but right -wingers Government cares more about inflation. It is that inflation and unemployment don't have differential effects across rich and poor and the happiness levels of these two groups are unaffected by identity of the Government in power. The poor people choose to left-wingers Government, but rich people prefer to right -wingers Government. I estimate whether above opinion is correct or not. Especially I check how my results change when I control for aggregate economy activity and government consumption, two variables that could be correlated with inflation and unemployment and affect each Government's happiness differentially. This paper, and I believe much of the happiness literature, can be understood as an application of experienced utility, a conception that emphasis the pleasures derived from private consumption and sentiment of it. In Granger Causality test, private consumption sentiment index related with industrial production interactively in Korea. The business cycles affect on private consumption sentiment index.