• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.45-71
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• 2001

The duck-rice forming system is increasingly spread up throughout Korea since 1992. It is discussed the rice field, rice quality, weed and pest management in the duck-rice weeding system compared to conventional farming system. Moreover the optimizing duck population, system management and fertilizer application rate were reported. Energy input and output by duck-rice farming system were carefully compared with those of low input sustainable paddy field and conventional farming paddy field. To find out the environmentally sound function of duck-rice system, the total nitrogen in paddy soil and paddy water, and nitrogen cycle in paddy rice cultivation system were analysed. finally the input and output were calculated, and ecological characteristic were determined in terms of nitrogen balance, labor input, animal input, renewable energy input, turnover of soil organic matter, energy loss, non-renewable indirect and direct energy input. It was concluded duck-rice weeding system could be recommended in terms of net only environmentally sound, but also farmer's income. But there are still some research needs for successful adaption of duck-rice farming to investigate to determine the optimal population of duck in rice paddy field unit, release time of duckling, duck management after release, and strategy for duck marketing and duck processing.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.437-443
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• 1995

Concerns on use of excess amount of chemical fertilizier and pesticide in current farming system turns both of the producer and consumer of agricultural products to an organic farming which use a less chemicals and more natural manure. Rice-duck farming system is one of the strategy to meet the purpose and this experiment was carried out to find the effect of the rice-duck farming system on the quality and yields of rice. 20day-old rice seedling were mechanically transplanted in sandy-loam paddy field and 21 day-old ducks were raised from 3 weeks after transplanting with population of 30 heads per 10a. The plots were consists of reduce fertilizer(70%) with and without duck-raising. The conventional fertilizer treatment without duck-raising was used as check. The results obtained are summarized as follows. The weeds population of test plots which were raised with duck for 3 consecutive years was less than that of test plots without duck-raising, though a speciffic population of Echinochola crusgallis were increased. The weed control effect was higer in duck-raising than in check at the maximum tillering stage but, not at later stages of rice plant. It was found that the small animals and insects inhibiting in the rice field were reduced by duck-treatment, however, there were also damages of grass leaf roller at booting stage in the plots of duck-raising. In rice-duck plot, dark green leaf color were found: 41.8 of SPAD value than 38.6 of SPAD in check plot. Higher root activity and surface soil oxidation were also observed in rice-duck plot than check plot. 3% of the increase in yield was observed by duck-treatment. However, the expected increase of the palatability wsa not observed. This may be due to the unfavorable weather conditions during the rice growing in this expriment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.spc
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• pp.57-61
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• 2009

To clarify the impact of the rice-duck farming system on the regional environment and the surrounding, a case study was carried out at Hongdong Reservoir valley of Hongdong-myeon and Janggok-myeon, Hongseong-gun, Chungcheongnam-do where the density of livestock grazing is the highest and rice cultivation with the rice-duck farming system is extensively practiced. The soil characteristics and water qualities at paddy fields were compared between two rice cultivation methods of rice-duck farming system and conventional farming system. The organic matters and available phosphate contents in soil of paddy fields where the rice-duck farming system was practiced were higher than those of paddy fields where conventional farming system was practiced. However, the available phosphate content was lower than the optimum for rice cultivation and the mean concentration of paddy soil in Korea. The surface water quality of the paddy field with the rice-duck farming system was practiced had higher EC (137 %), $COD_{Cr}$ (220 %), T-N (172 %), and T-P (226 %) contents than that with the conventional farming system was practiced. Especially, $COD_{Cr}$ and T-P were more than 2 times higher, which tells that the possibility of water pollution by drainage water of paddy field is higher in the paddy fields with the rice-duck farming system practiced than in those with the conventional farming practiced. The higher contents of T-P and $COD_{Cr}$ in surface water at the paddy field of rice-duck farming system practiced were directly caused by soil particles in the muddy water. Consequently, it is necessary to thoroughly manage the irrigation and drainage system of rice-duck farming system practiced to prevent outflow of surface water from paddy and pollution of surrounding water system.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2000

This experiments was carried out to find the effect of different organic farming types, the Duck-pasture plot, the Pond-snail pasture plot andd control of the conventionalculture plot farming on the yield and its components of paddy rice. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Plant height an Tillering were significantly increase in the Duck-pasture plot. Panicle number pr hill, NO. of grain per spike and 1,000grain weight were significantly increase in the conventional culture plot. Yield pre 10a were 574.13kg at pond-snail pasture plot, 576.81kg at Duck-pasture plot and 579.04kg at conventional culture plot. From these results, it seems that the organic farming are useful and pasture of the Duck, Pond-snail for depression of the weed occurrence or increase of yield per 10a is effective as the environmental perservation farming.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.299-303
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• 1999

A set of surveys was performed at Chungchongbuk-Do in 1997 in order to analyze energy related in rice production. Four cases in rice farming were surveyed : traditional farming, no chemical farming, duck farming, mud snail farming. The farmer in traditional fanning has used chemical fertilizers and chemicals such as general farmers. The farmer in no chemical farming has used chemical fertilizers and manure but has not use chemicals. The farmer in duck farming has not used chemical fertilizers and chemicals but brought up duck in paddy. The farmer in mud snail has not used chemical fertilizers and chemicals but brought up mud snail in paddy. The animals n paddy as like duck and mud snail not only eat weeds and insect but also input fertile material by excretion. The results of energy analysis are as follows 1. In view of energy, the duck farming was the most efficient of four cases. The mud snail farming was less efficient than the duck farming, the traditional farming was less efficient than the mud snail farming, the na chemical farming was less efiicierrt than the traditional farming. 2. Relatively to amount of product, non renewable energy was used more in traditional farming than other cases and renewable energy was used more in no chemical farming than other cases. 3. The reason of low energy efficiency in the no chemical farming was to input fertilizers and manure so much. So to input nutrients excessively in order not to use chemicals can make rice farming to be inefficient in a view of energy. 4. The farming to bring up animals in paddy was more sustainable than other cases because input of non renewable energy could be decreased. But in order to make it to be more sustainable, should be developed cultivation method to decrease input of non renewable direct energy such as fossil fuel and electricity .

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.301-314
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• 2005

Insect pests were surveyed in 5 Rice paddy field areas of Organic paddy field and conventional paddy field. At the each rice-growth period, the occurrence rate of 'Small brawn plant hopper was high at the case of duck raising and rice bran farming on middle stage of rice paddy field in Gang-Hwa region. The occurrence rate of Rice water weevil was high at the conventional paddy field on the early stage of rice paddy field in Yeo-Ju region. In the Hong-Seong region, the occurrence rate of 'Rice water weevil' and 'Green rice leafhopper' was high at the 'duck raising compare to the conventional farming on the early stage of rice paddy field. According to each period, the occurrence rate of insect was high at late stage of rice paddy field, and there was no difference between each region. It showed high-occurrence tendency at duck pasture farming rice paddy field. The major natural enemies were spiders and parasites. Theridiidae and Linyphiidae were highly occurred on the conventional farming rice paddy field in Hong-Seong. Web builders containing Theridiidae, Linyphiidae and Tetragnathidae was occurred more than wandering spiders containing Lycosidae, Clubionidae and Pisauridae at various regions, and then occurrence of spiders was different at the various regions but was not different at each farming system.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.267-273
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• 2008

Energy efficiency and nutrient balance are good methods for environmental assessment of the environmentally-friendly agriculture. The objectives of this study were 1) to estimate the energy efficiency and nutrient balance of the organic rice farming, and 2) to suggest a solution to improvement the energy efficiency and nutrient balance. The set of estimation was performed at the organic rice farming area (8.9 ha) in Wanju-gun during the paddy cultivation period from 2006 to 2007. The organic farming complex consists of four weeding methods using 1) duck, 2) apple snail, 3) duck and apple snail and 4) hands and machinery. Results from this estimation should that the organic rice farming area was less efficient than conventional rice farming. The efficiency of organic farming area in 2006 was higher than in 2007. For the calculation of the nutrient balance, the N, P and K contents of input materials (cattle manure, milk vetch, mixed oilcake, rice bran, rice straw and barley straw) and output (farm products) were analysed. Annual environmental loads of N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ were estimated at 4.4 kg/10a, 13.8 kg/10a and 14.5 kg/10a, respectively. Cattle manure had the largest portion among the inputs items and nutrient concentration of cattle manure was high. Thus energy efficiency and nutrient balance depend on cattle manure input. Therefore it is necessary to control the manure input to improve the efficiency of organic rice farming.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.339-347
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• 1994

This experiment was conducted to investigate duck-raising system and the optimum nitrogen fertilization level in duck-raising field. Optimum duck rasing density in rice paddy field was 1, 000~1, 500 heads per ha and ducks could be harvested three times in a year starting from 40 days after mature-seedling machine transplanting. When 1, 000~1, 500 heads per ha of ducks was raised once a year, optimum nitrogen application level was 110kg/ha. In the case of three times in a year, it was 8.8kg/ha. The weed control rate of the duck-raised paddy field was superior(93~96%) to control (89%, treated twice with herbicide).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.317-334
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• 2019

The present study was conducted to investigate the differences in managed farming practices, including low-intensive farming, duck farming, and golden apple snail farming, in a rice ecosystem by comparing terrestrial arthropod communities. A total of 75 species from 70 genera belonging to 43 families in 11 orders were identified from 9,622 collected arthropods. Araneae, Hemiptera, and Coleoptera were the richest taxa. Collembola was the most abundant, followed by Diptera, Hemiptera, and Araneae. Bray-Curtis similarity among the farming practices was very high (76.7%). The biodiversity of each farming practice showed a similar seasonality pattern. The richest species group was the predators, followed by the herbivores. The species richness and diversity of ecologically functional groups among the farming practices were not statistically significant, except for the abundance of predators in golden apple snail farming. The biodiversity seasonality of ecological functional groups in each farming practice showed similar patterns. The biomass of Araneae, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera was greater than the other taxa, in general. The biomass of each ecological functional group showed little difference and the biomass fluctuation patterns in each farming practice were almost the same. Collectively, the community structures and biodiversity of terrestrial arthropods among the farming practices in the present study were not different. The present study may contribute to sustain rich biodiversity in irrigated rice fields and to advanced studies of food webs or energy flow structures in rice fields for ecological and sustainable agriculture.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.284-284
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• 2009

EFA production systems have through necessity resulted in the development of innovative practices for weed, pest and diseases control, for example, using ducks and snails for weed control in paddy fields. These practices began to be introduced in the early 1990's and the techniques have become more popular and have been adapted to suit regional conditions. In this study, the production practices, productivity and economic performances of organic and non-chemical rice farming adopting ducks and snails for weed control were compared. In the production practices, Korean organic and non-chemical farming seem to have several concerns in terms of sustainability. It comprises lack of resistant variety use and rotational cropping system as well as high dependency upon external inputs such as organic fertilizer and farming materials for pest control. The production level of organic farming is approximately similar level but 20% higher income than non-chemical farming, while, when it was compared with conventional farming organic farming showed 20% lower productivity but 20% higher income. Organic farming shows 15% to 18% higher profits than non-chemical farming as the snail-using organic farming tends to have higher income and lower input costs than duck-using organic farming. This may encourage more farmers to convert to organic production using these techniques than simply non-chemical farming in the future. This organic conversion could be more promoted by policy intervention. However, it may result in increased supply and therefore decreased prices for organic rice in the long term unless further market demand occurs. Balanced policy measures considering production as well as marketing and consumption are urgently required for the sustainable development of organic farming.