• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.331-338
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• 1996

The main aim of this study was to develop carrot soups with fishery products, which is improved from traditional gruel of Cheju island. For this the optimal procedure and ingredient mixing ratio for making basic carrot soup was determined through the instrumental measurement, the sensory evaluation and the nutrient analysis, and then the carrot-fishery soups were prepared by mixing the fishery products from Cheju island. The results were as follows: The optimal procedure for making basic carrot soup was to saute the sliced carrots and soaked rices with the sesame oil for 5 min, add the water, bring to a boil for 6 min, simmer for 15 min, then puree the soup. The optimal ingredient mixing ratio in the basic carrot soup was carrot 300 g: rice 45 g: water 900 $m\ell$: sesame oil 15 $m\ell$: salt 5 g. For preparing carrot-fishery soups were the optimal fishery products mixing ratio i) 30% tile fish or crab, ii) prawn, abalone, top shell, or ear shell 20%, iii) sea urchin 15%, iv) fusiform or gulf weed 5％. The order of sensory evaluation scores, on a 5-point scale, were sea urchin, crab > top shell, tile fish > abalone, ear shell > prawn > coral fish > fusiform, gulf weed. Nutrient composition analysis showed that vitamin A was 5 times higher in carrot soup than in pumpkin soup. Sensory evaluation scores show that carrot soup was prepared to pumpkin soup. A portion (200 g) of the soup would provide 144% of the recommended daily allowance of vitamin A. The results of this work indicate that an acceptable carrot-fishery soups of better nutritional and sensory values than pumpkin soup can be prepared.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 1994

The experiment was conducted to investigate the cause of the continous increase of Sagittaria trifolia dominance and it's effective control methods in the paddy rice fields. Early physilogical response of S. trifolia caused by sulfonylurea three herbicides resulted in growth cessation. However, the growth-ceased plant regrew after the certain period of time. Pyrazolate{4-[2, 4-dichloro benzoyl]-1, 3-dimethylpyrazol-5-yl-ptoluene sulphonate} could control S. trifolia until 6-7 leaf stages. The herbicidal activity of S. trifolia by pyrazolate was not related to the size of tuber and the amount of carbohydrate consumption in the tuber. The production of S. trifolia tubers inhibited more than 95% by the systematic treatment of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl{Ethyl-5-(4, 6-dimethoxy pyrimidin-2-yl carbomoyl sulfamoyl)-2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl acetanilide}, cinosulfuron and pyrazolate after the first treatment of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and pyrazolate.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1988

Three varieties of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and five collections different in gross morphology from the E. crus-galli species were obtained in a lowland rice field located in Jukjeol-Ri, Soyang-Myeon, Wanju-Kun, Jeonbug to compare the ecological and physiological characteristics. There were great variations in seed dormancy, relative growth rates, days required to panicle emergence and panicle morphology among the collections. On the basis of the cluster analysis using the different characteristics, the collections were divided into three groups; E. crus-galli var. frumentaceae and its two ecotypcs, E. crus-galli var. echinata and its two ecotypes, and E crus-galli var. crus-galli and its one ecotype. There were differential responses in percent germination and post-germination growth of the collections to butachlor (2-chloro-2', 6'-diethyl-N-butoxymethyl acetanilide).

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.154-159
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• 1995

Water extracts from Polygonum aviculare and Salix koreansis markedly inhibited the germination of lettuce and rice seeds, indicating the presence of biologically active substances. The biochemical substances such as salicylic and+vanillic acid, tannic acid + gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-cressol, sinapic acid and catechol etc. belonging to phenolic compounds were detected in the cultured cells, suggesting that the secondary metabolites can be synthesized in plant cell and tissue culture. In addition, fatty acid like linolenic acid and organic acid such as oxalic acid were presented in the highest amount, 3.7 mg/g and 14.288 mg/g, respectively, which seem to be related to exhibiting phytotoxicity of P. aviculare. Petroleum ether extract exhibited another potential relating to inhibitory effect which needs further investigation. Calli from two plant sources were easily introduced by uses of 1.0 mg/l of 2.4-D and 0.1 to 0.2 mg/l of BAP in MS basal medium which can be implemented for a large scale production through cell culture.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.330-339
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the herbicidal activity of herbicidal substances and identify them in bulbs of Lycoris flavescens. Methanol extract was purified by a series of chromatographic techniques including silica gel column chromatography, preparative TLC, and HPLC. The final HPLC gave two active fractions and two herbicidal substances were obtained. By GC/MS analysis, one was identified as galanthine (galanthan-1-ol) and the other was identified as montanine ($O^2$-methyl pancracine), an isoquinoline alkaloid. Montanine showed nearly 100% of growth inhibition on the shoot and root of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli) seedlings at $20{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ as compared with the control. Meanwhile, methanol extract of L. flavescens bulbs showed only about 3.1% and 8.3% of growth inhibition on the shoot and root of rice cultivar, Hwayeongbyeo seedlings at $1,000{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ as compared with the control, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.167-167
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• 2022

Seed production of italian ryegrass has a problem of lodging during ripening and a decrease in quality due to difficulty in drying seeds during harvest. Therefore, in order to produce high-quality Italian ryegrass in paddy fields, it was carried out to reduce the density and solve the lodging problem through transplanting. In this experiment, Lolium multiflorum cv. Kowinearly was transplanted in autumn from a paddy field in Sindong-ri, Gwansan-eup, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do. var. Kowinearly was made into a bed at 90 g/box and stacked in boxes. It was transplanted on October 27th after 2 days of germination at 30℃ and 15 days of seedling and greening. When transplanting, they were transplanted at intervals of 30×14cm. The existing cultivation method, drill seedling, was sowed at a level of 50 kg/ha, and both transplanting and drilling were carried out at a nitrogen fertilization rate of 45 kg/ha. The number of ears during transplant cultivation was 1,016/m² and the drilling tended to be higher at 2,278/m², but this was probably due to the difference in seeding amount. The seed number of an ear tended to be 56% higher in transplantation, which had a significant impact on yield. The seed yield was 2,096 ka/ha in transplantation, which was 21% higher than that of drilling. When looking at the relationship with weed occurrence, there were areas where all the weeds, such as amul foxtail, occurred due to the low density. Even in the same transplanting area, the seed yield was about 1,000kg/ha less in the area where the weeds were abundant. It seems that weed management is important in paddy cultivation. Therefore, it seems necessary to develop an exclusive herbicide for Italian ryegrass cultivation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.257-266
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is screening of microfloras involved in hydrolysis of seaweed tenella, seaweed fusiforme and green laver. This is a part of studies on the hydrolysis of seaweed using microorganisms. First, about two hundred microflora samples were obtained from mountain, rice field, dry field, sea, seaside and fish market in the vicinity of Yeosu. Thirty-three microflora samples were screened from the destruction of tissue in sea tangle and sea mustard. It was sufficient that results of the naked eye observation were obtained at eight microflora samples as a feces of bull, a decayed pine tree, a soil of dry field, the mud of the banks in a rice field, the water of a ditch in a rice field, the weed of the banks in a rice field, the water in a rice field and leaved in the air. Above all, extraction rate and contents of reducing sugar in extracts of seaweeds added a decayed pine tree(sample No. 8) and the water of a ditch in a rice field(sample No. 27) were showed high value. And the value of chemical analysis of the sample is much better in comparison with control. Accordingly the hydrolysis of seaweed using microorganisms in the inside of these microflora samples can be possible.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of rice cultivation of no-tillage seeding on the physicochemical properties and rice yield in the paddy soil of Milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) established. The number of Milk vetch establishment was 256 per $m^2$ in the before experiment but 440 per $m^2$ in the after experiment. The seed numbers of Milk vetch were sufficient that Milk vetch seed were not sown again in the next year. Soil physicochemical properties of the plot of Milk vetch cultivation were similar to the conventional plot. The amount of weed occurrence was 87g dry weight per $m^2$ in the conventional but not occurrence in the sowing of Milk vetch establishment. Rice yield was 4.9ton per ha in the conventional and 4.5 ton per ha in the soybean seeder sowing of Milk vetch establishment.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 1985

This study was conducted to investigate the important weeds occurring in onion and garlic planted in paddy field as the succeeding crop of rice and to evaluate the effect of competition between these crops and weeds on the yield of onion and garlic. In terms of quantity occurred, Persicaria hydropiper, Chenopodium ficifolium, Alopecurus aequalis, Poligonum aviculare, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Bothrisospermum tenellum appeared to be the major weeds in onion and garlic fields. Annual broadleaves were composed of 90.0 and 94.3% of total weed dry weight in onion and in garlic fields, respectively. Among these weeds, P. hydropiper was the most dominant species in onion and C. ficifolium in garlic fields. The higher Simpson's index such as 0.67 in garlic as compared to 0.40 in onion can be attributed to the presence of a C. ficifolium, which is existed in a single dominant species. The full season competition between the crops and these weeds resulted in yield reduction of onion by 23.9% and garlic by 31.9%, showing weed dry weight, 448.18 and 418.40 g/$m^2$ in onion and garlic fields, respectively. The maintenance of weed free condition for about 4 weeks after weed emergence could be the prerequisite to obtain the maximum yield of these two crops.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.261-270
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• 1992

Many herbicides that are applied at the soil before weed emergence inhibit plant growth soon after weed germination occurs. Plant growth has been known as an irreversible increase in size as a result of the processes of cell divison and cell enlargement. Herbicides can influence primary growth in which most new plant tissues emerges from meristmatic region by affecting either or both of these processes. Herbicides which have sites of action during interphase($G_1$, S, $G_2$) of cell cycle and cause a subsequent reduction in the observed frequency of mitotic figures can be classified as an inhibitor of mitotic entry. Those herbicides that affect the mitotic sequence(mitosis) by influencing the development of the spindle apparatus or by influencing new cell plate formation should be classified as causing disruption of the mitotic sequence. Sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, chloroacetamides and some others inhibit plant growth by inhibiting the entry of cell into mitosis. The carbamate herbicides asulam, carbetamide, chlorpropham and propham etc. reported to disrupt the mitotic sequence, especially affecting on spindle function, and the dinitroaniline herbicides trifluralin, nitralin, pendimethalin, dinitramine and oryzalin etc. reported to disrupt the mitotic sequence, particularly causing disappearence of microtubles from treated cells due to inhibition of polymerization process. An inhibition of cell enlargement can be made by membrane demage, metabolic changes within cells, or changes in processes necessary for cell yielding. Several herbicides such as diallate, triallate, alachlor, metolachlor and EPTC etc. reported to inhibit cell enlargement, while 2, 4-D has been known to disrupt cell enlargement. One potential danger inherent in the use of soil acting herbicides is that build-up of residues could occur from year to year. In practice, the sort of build-up that would be disastrous is unikely to occur for substances applied at the correct soil concentration. Crop injury caused by soil applied herbicides can be minimized by (1) following the guidance of safe use of herbicides, particularly correct dose at correct time in right crop, (2) by use of safeners which protect crops against injury without protecting any weed ; interactions between herbicides and safeners(antagonists) at target sites do occur probably from the following mechanisms (1) competition for binding site, (2) circumvention of the target site, and (3) compensation of target site, and another mechanism of safener action can be explained by enhancement of glutathione and glutathione related enzyme activity as shown in the protection of rice from pretilachlor injury by safener fenclorim, (3) development of herbicide resistant crops ; development of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes can be explained by either gene pool theory or selection theory which are two most accepted explanations, and on this basis it is likely to develop herbicide-resistant crops of commercial use. Carry-over problems do occur following repeated use of the same herbicide in an extended period of monocropping, and by errors in initial application which lead to accidental and irregular overdosing, and by climatic influence on rates of loss. These problems are usually related to the marked sensitivity of the particular crops to the specific herbicide residues, e.g. wheat/pronamide, barley/napropamid, sugarbeet/ chlorsulfuron, quinclorac/tomato. Relatively-short-residual product, succeeding culture of insensitive crop to specific herbicide, and greater reliance on postemergence herbicide treatments should be alternatives for farmer practices to prevent these problems.