• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.197-205
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• 2013

An in vitro study was conducted to determine the effects of defaunation (removal of protozoa) and forage sources (rice straw, ryegrass and tall fescue) on ruminal fermentation characteristics, methane ($CH_4$) production and degradation by rumen microbes. Sodium lauryl sulfate, as a defaunation reagent, was added into the mixed culture solution to remove ruminal protozoa at a concentration of 0.375 mg/ml. Pure cellulose (0.64 g, Sigma, C8002) and three forage sources were incubated in the bottle of culture solution of mixed rumen microbes (faunation) or defaunation for up to 24 h. The concentration of ammonia-N was high under condition of defaunation compared to that from faunation in all incubations (p<0.001). Total VFA concentration was increased at 3, 6 and 12 h (p<0.05~p<0.01) but was decreased at 24 h incubation (p<0.001) under condition of defaunation. Defaunation decreased acetate (p<0.001) and butyrate (p<0.001) proportions at 6, 12 and 24 h incubation times, but increased propionate (p<0.001) proportion at all incubation times for forages. Effective degradability of dry matter was decreased by defaunation (p<0.001). Defaunation not only decreased total gas (p<0.001) and $CO_2$ (p<0.01~0.001) production at 12 and 24 h incubations, but reduced $CH_4$ production (p<0.001) at all incubation times for all forages. The $CH_4$ production, regardless of defaunation, in order of forage sources were rice straw > tall fescue > ryegrass > cellulose (p<0.001) up to 24 h incubation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.93-98
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• 1982

농약의 사용량이 급격히 증가함에 따른 농약의 자연 환경에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고 농약의 안전성 평가에 관한 연구방법을 정립하기 위하여 우리나라에서 많이 쓰이고 있는 수도용농약중 살균제인 후치왕(Fujione, Isoprothiolane)과 살충제인 오트란(Ortran, Acephate)의 토양에서의 잔류성과 수도작물에의 잔류성에 대해 포장실험 및 실험실적 방법으로 조사하였다. 벼, 볏짚, 현미 및 백미에서의 농약의 잔류 또는 농약의 처리된 횟수에 따라 다르게 나타났는데 후치왕의 경우 백미중 농약 함양은 $0.07{\sim}0.09ppm$ 이었고 오트란은 $0.01{\sim}0.53ppm$이었다. 또한 후치왕의 반감기는 실험실적인 방법으로 호기조건하에서 30일, 담수조건하에서 150일인데 반해 포장에서는 약 100일로 나타났다. 오트란의 경우는 호기, 담수조건하에서 각각 $3{\sim}4$일, $13{\sim}14$일이었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.569-586
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• 2017

We inoculated a spent mushroom substrate from Flammulina velutipes (SMSF) with a microbial additive and assessed the effects on chemical composition, ruminal fermentation parameters, and total-tract nutrient digestibility. In Exp. 1, three cannulated Hanwoo steers were used in an in situ trial to determine the degradation kinetics of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP). In Exp. 2, three Hanwoo steers were randomly assigned to experimental diets according to a $3{\times}3$ Latin square for a 3-week period (2 weeks for adaptation and 1 week for sample collection). Experimental diets included the control diet (3.75 kg/d formulated concentrate mixture + 1.25 kg/d rice straw), SMSF diet (3.19 kg/d formulated concentrate mixture + 1.25 kg/d rice straw + 0.56 kg/d SMSF), and inoculated SMSF (ISMSF) diet (3.19 kg/d formulated concentrate mixture + 1.25 kg/d rice straw + 0.56 kg/d ISMSF). The chemical composition of ISMSF did not differ from that of SMSF. Microbial additive inoculation decreased pH (P<0.05) and improved preservation for SMSF. The percentages of DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in ISMSF were slightly lesser than those in SMSF. Ruminal fermentation characteristics and total-tract nutrient digestibility were not affected by diet. Overall, microbial additive inoculation improved preservation for SMSF and may allow improved digestion in the rumen; however, the total digestible nutrients (TDN) of SMSF and ISMSF diets were slightly lesser than the control diet. The ISMSF can be used as an alternative feedstuff to partially replace formulated concentrate feed.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2015

참나무와 소나무 목재에서 분리한 Gyrodontium sacchari 균주에 대한 균학적 특성과 목질계 섬유소 분해력을 검정하였다. 균주는 참나무와 소나무 목재에서 분리하였으며 배지는 potato dextrose agar (PDA)에서 가장 생장이 좋았고 생장온도는 참나무에서 분리한 NAAS02335 균주는 $25^{\circ}C$에서, 소나무 목재에서 분리한 NAAS05299 균주는 $30^{\circ}C$에서 가장 우수한 생장을 보였다. 섬유소 분해 효소인 cellulase와 xylanase, amylase의 활성은 G. sacchari NAAS05299 균주가 6.7~12.8배 더 높았으며 리그닌 분해 효소는 G. sacchari NAAS02335 균주가 3.7~138.5배 활성이 더 높았으며 목질계 섬유소를 탄소원으로 첨가하였을 때 효소의 활성은 월등히 증가하였다. 목질계 바이오매스 분해력을 검정한 결과 G. sacchari NAAS05299 균주는 filter paper를 4주만에 완전히 분해하였고 볏짚과 미송, 참나무를 분해하였으나 G. sacchari NAAS02335 균주는 볏짚에서만 분해력을 나타내어 G. sacchari NAAS05299 균주가 더 우수한 바이오매스 분해 효과를 나타내었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.1307-1311
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• 2002

Twelve dietary combinations were prepared using 70 parts of fermented wheat straw (FWS) as the sole roughage supplemented with 30 parts of either the low protein concentrate mixture (Conc.-I), high protein concentrate mixture (conc.-II), maize grains (M), solvent extracted mustard cake (DMC), deoiled rice bran (DRB), uromol bran mixture (UBM), deep stacked poultry litter (DSPL), dried poultry droppings (DPD), M-DMC mixture (50:50), M-UBM mixture (50:50), M-DPD mixture (50:50) or M-UBM-DPD mixture (50:25:25) and evaluated by in-sacco technique. The above dietary combinations were also evaluated by changing the roughage to concentrate ratio to 60:40. The digestion kinetics for DM and CP revealed that FWS:DPD had the highest, whereas, the FWS:M-DMC had the lowest rapidly soluble fraction. The potentially degradable fraction was found to be maximum in FWS:M and minimum in FWS:DPD dietary combinations. The higher degradation rate of FWS:DRB and FWS:UBM combinations was responsible for their significantly (p<0.05) higher effective degradability as compared to other combinations. The highest undegradable fraction noted in FWS:M-UBM-DPD followed by FWS:DMC was responsible for high rumen fill values. The FWS:DRB, FWS:UBM and FWS:DPD combinations had higher potential for DM intake. The dietary combination with higher concentrate level (60:40) was responsible for higher potentially degradable fraction, which was degraded at a faster rate resulting in significantly higher effective degradability as compared to the corresponding dietary combination with low concentrate level (70:30). The low undegradable fraction in the high concentrate diet was responsible for low rumen fill values, which predicted of high potential for DM intake. Out of 24 dietary combinations, FWS with either of UBM, DRB, DMC, Maize, M-DMC or DPD in 70:30 ratio supplemented with minerals and vitamin A in comparison to conventional feeding practice (roughage and concentrate mixture) could be exploited as complete feed for different categories of ruminants.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1985

Tricyclazole을 수확전 $90{\sim}40$일에 $2{\sim}3$회 처리한 작물과 토양중에서의 수확시 잔류되는 tricyclazole의 양은 각각 현미가 $0.37{\sim}0.46ppm$, 백미가 $0.29{\sim}0.39ppm$, 볏짚이 $0.14{\sim}0.30ppm$ 및 토양이 $0.15{\sim}0.19ppm$이었다. 담수조건하에서의 tricyclazole의 분해 양상은 처리후 $2{\sim}3$주까지 비교적 빠른 속도로 분해가 진행되다가 그 이후로는 안전한 속도로 분해되었으며 그 때의 반감기는 $140{\sim}180$일이었다. 또한 토양 미생물의 생균수에 미치는 영향은 거의 없었으며 Salmonella, Saccharomyces 등을 이용한 돌연변이성 유무 실험에서는 대조구와 별차이가 없었다.

• 한국환경과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경과학회 2003년도 International Symposium on Clean Environment
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• pp.79-84
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• 2003

The main objective of this study was to investigate the chemical characteristics of post-harvest biomass burning aerosols from field burning of barley straw in late spring and rice straw in late fall in rural area in Korea. 12-hr integrated intensive sampling of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ biomass burning aerosols had been conducted continuously at Gwangju, Korea 4-15 June 2001 and 8 October-14 November 2002. The fine and coarse particles of biomass burning aerosols were collected for mass, ionic, elemental, and carbonaceous species analysis. Average fine and coarse mass concentrations of biomass burning aerosols were measured to be 129.6, 24.2 ${{\mu}gm}^{-3}$ in June 2001 and 47.1, 33.2 ${{\mu}gm}^{-3}$ in October to November 2002, respectively. Exceptionally high level of $PM_{2.5}$ concentration up to 157.8 ${{\mu}gm}^{-3}$ well above 24-hour standard was observed during the biomass burning event days under stagnant atmosphere condition. During biomass burning periods dominant ionic species were $Cl^{-}$, ${NO_3}^{-}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, and ${NH_4}^{+}$ in fine and coarse mode. In the fine mode $Cl^{-}$ and ${KCl}^{+}$ were unusually rich due to the high content of the semiarid vegetation. High OC values and OC/EC ratios were also measured during the biomass burning periods. Increased amount of fine aerosols with high enrichment, which were originated from biomass burning of post-harvest agricultural waste, resulted in extremely severe particulate air pollution and visibility degradation in the region. Particulate matters from open field burning of agricultural wastes cause great adverse impact on local air quality and regional climate.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.351-356
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• 2008

헬기에 의해 항공살포된 고농도 소량 살포농약의 비산 및 분포 특성과 이에 따른 벼와 주변작물에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 항공살포시 농약의 벼 부착량은 채취지점 및 약제에 따라 $3.1{\sim}4.7$배의 차이를 보여 살포 균일성은 낮았다. 헬리콥터에 의한 항공방제시 대상지역 이외의 포장으로 분무입자가 비산하는 정도는 바람부는 방향으로는 30 m, 바람부는 반대방향으로는 20 m 이내로 비교적 비산 정도가 낮았다. 살포된 농약은 대부분 벼에 부착되었고 논물 또는 토양 중에 낙하된 비율은 낮은 편이었으며, 재배환경 중 분해 속도는 벼> 물>토양 순이었다. 항공방제 포장의 벼 수확 후 토양 중살포농약의 잔류량은 불검출 ${\sim}0.201\;mg/kg$이었으며, 현미와 볏짚에서는 검출되지 않았다. 또한 항공살포에 의한 벼와 주변작물에 대한 약해반응은 무시할 수준이었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.129-133
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• 1998

The white-rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC 24725, Pleurotus ostreatus ATCC 32783, Lentinus edodes ATCC 24462, and Trametes versicolor ATCC 42530 were studied for their ability to degrade lignin, phenanthrene, and anthracene. Lignin in rice-straw was degraded by 14.4, 28.73, and 33.88% by P. chrysosporium, T. versicolor, and P. ostreatus, respectively. Approximately 12% and 83% of phenanthrene was degraded in 1 and 5 days, respectively, when the pre-grown mycelIium matrix of P. ostreatus. was incubated with 10 ppm of phenanthrene in modified Kirk's medium (nitrogen limited) at $25^{\circ}C$. Approximately 2%> and 61% of phenanthrene was degraded when the phenanthrene concentration was increased to 30 ppm. Similar trends were observed with phenanthrene using P. chrysosporium. Mycelial growth of T. versicolor was less inhibited at 30 ppm phenanthrene than for P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium. Better degradation of phenanthrene by T. versicolor may be attributed to better mycelium growth. One hundred percent of 15 ppm anthracene was degraded in 10 days by both P. chrysosporium and T. versicolor. 40 ppm anthracene inhibited the mycelial growth of P. chrysosporium. lignin peroxidase activity, which was previously reported to be involved in initial phenanthrene oxidation, was also detected from the culture broth of the strains tested. The rates of lignin peroxidase production in the cultures were not consistent with the rate of PAH hydrolysis during incubation.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.154-162
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• 1984

유기물(有機物)의 종류(種類)와 첨가수준(添加水準), 석탄시용수준(石炭施用水準), 수분(水分), 살균제(殺菌劑) 및 살충제(殺蟲劑)와의 혼용(混用)에 의(依)한 Butachlor와 Nitrofen의 토양중(土壤中) 분리양상(分離樣相)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 실내시험(室內試驗)을 실시(實施)하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 토양(土壤)의 살균처리(殺菌處理)는 제초제(除草劑)의 분해(分解)를 현저(顯著)히 저해(沮害)하였고 무균상태하(無菌狀態下)에서의 Nitrofen 반감기(半減期)는 Butachlor 보다 길었다. 2. 토양(土壤)의 담수처리(湛水處理)는 포장용수량상태(圃場容水量狀態)에서 보다 제초제(除草劑)의 분해효과(分解效果)가 컸으며 특(特)히 Nitrofen의 분해(分解)에 미치는 담수(湛水)의 효과(效果)는 현저(顯著)하였다. 포장용수량조건하(圃場容水量條件)에서의 Nitrofen 반감기(半減期)는 Butachlor 보다 2배정도(培程度) 길었다. 3. 유기물급원(有機物給源)으로서 볏짚은 벼그루터기에 비(比)하여 토양중(土壤中) 제초제(除草劑) 분해촉진효과(分解促進效果)가 높았으나 볏짚첨가수준(添加水準)이 1,000kg/10a를 상회(上廻)할 때 토양중(土壤中) Butachlor 분해(分解)는 지연(遲延)되었다. 4. 석탄시용(石炭施用)은 토양중(土壤中) 제초제(除草劑)의 분해(分解)를 촉진(促進)하였으나 pH와의 직접적(直接的)인 관계(關係)는 없었다. 5. 살균제(殺菌劑) 및 살충제(殺蟲劑)와의 혼용(混用)에 의한 담수토양중(湛水土壤中) Butachlor의 반감기(半減期)는 단용(單用)에 비(比)하여 단축(短縮)되는 경향(傾向)이었으나 Nitrofen은 영향(影響)이 없었다.