• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.161-169
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• 2016

Purpose: To improve the insufficient mechanized forage harvesting system, an integrated forage harvester that produces midsize round bales was developed. Methods: The harvesting performance of the developed harvester was tested in a forage plantation. The harvesting performance was evaluated by investigating the bale production performance and residue ratios of the harvester at three levels of tractor driving speeds. Results: The bales outputs per hour by driving speed shown by the harvester were 30 bales (6.8 MT) at 2.3 km/h, 36 bales (8.4 MT) at 3.2 km/h, and 44 bales (10.5 MT) at 5.1 km/h in the case of rye-straw. In the case of rice-straw, they were 43 bales (8.8 MT) at 4.3 km/h, 44 bales (9.7 MT) at 5.0 km/h, and 48 bales (10.7 MT) at 6.2 km/h. In the case of Italian ryegrass (IRG), they were 35 bales (10.7 MT) at 7.0 km/h, 37 bales (12.0 MT) at 8.3 km/h, and 38 bales (13.2 MT) at 9.5 km/h. The average ratios of residues to the available quantities were 2.61% in the case of rye-straw, 1.89% in the case of rice-straw, and 1.57% in the case of IRG. When residues smaller than 200 mm, which cannot be collected, were excluded, the residue ratios of all crops were good, as they did not exceed 1.0%. Conclusions: Since the baling and wrapping functions, which had been separately operated, were integrated into the developed harvester, the developed harvester is expected to maximize bale production efficiency and increase labor productivity, thereby increasing farming profitability.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.543-549
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• 1987

This study was carried out to estimate the change of Hg content in contaminated food materials including rice grain, soybean sprouts and crucian carp during their washing and cooking processes. The residue level of Hg in contaminated rice at 1 ppm level was decreased to the extent of 24% by three-times washing whereas it was not decreased in cooking. The removal efficiency of Hg in soybean sprouts contaminated at 80 ppm level was about 26% in three-times washing. While the Hg content was not decreased in blanching or cooking of soybean sprouts as a whole, the extent of leached Hg into the fluid part varied in the range of 23-41% depending on the heating time, salinity and volume of cooking water. While the Hg content in fish contaminated at 1 ppm level was not decreased in cooking as a whole, the leaching ratio of Hg into the fluid part was in the range of 2-10% depending on the salinity of cooking water. Disposal of inedible portion in cooked fish could remove 32% of contaminated Hg residue.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1984

The present study was performed to elucidate pesticide residues in paddy rice applied with different application schedules and frequencies of pesticide formulations. Pungsanbyeo($Japonica{\times}Indica hybrid$) of rice(Oryza sativa L.) was chosen as target crop. Isoprothiolane(diisopropyl-l,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene malonate) 40EC (emulsifiable concentrates), 12G (granular), and chlorpyriphosmethyl [0,0-dimethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate] 25EC, 3G were selected as pesticide formulations. The closer the isoprothiolane EC application to harvest, the higher the residues in rice straw retained at harvest; however the G application on 30 days before harvest resulted in highest residue. Chlorpyriphosmethyl residues were higher as it was applied nearby to harvest. Degradation rate of chlorpyriphos-methyl in husked rice was quite similar to in rice straw, on the other hand isoprothiolane in the rice was more stable than that in rice straw. Translocated amount of applied G formulation to husked rice was meager irrespective to the chemicals. Percent reduction of isoprothiolane residues in husked rice by polishing was not related to application frequencies but to application date before harvest. Residual portions in rice straw, husked rice and polished rice of total input amount during rice cultivation were ranged from 0.19% to 0.99%, 0.01% to 0.48%, and 0.15%, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 1981

Most of the currently available rice threshers in Korea are of head-feeding type originally developed for threshing paddy at grain moisture content of 15 to 17% on wet basis. And prevailing rice harvesting system is swathing or cutting and bundling upright rice crop at a maturity stage of grain moisture content of ca. 28 to 20%, followed by transient natural drying in the field and threshing at grain moisture content of about 17%. The system often allows rather high field loss of rice both quantitatively and qualitatively. These necessitate use of a preharvest desiccant, and diquat has been registered recently as a rice desiccant. Aim of the present study is to determine the best time and rate of diquat application and to evaluate its utility as a rice desiccant under its optimal usage conditions in Korea. Diquat was not so effective for japonica rice varieties while it was very effective for the new varieties bred from indica x japonica crosses. The best time of application was the period from 2 days before to 3 days after physiological maturity of grain (moisture content of 28% w.b.) and the optimal rate was about 330g of diquat ion/ha. Applying diquat at the right time and rate dropped grain moisture to 15 to 16% (w.b.) within a week after treatment in contrast to that of 20 to 24% in untreated rice. Desiccation of rice crop with diquat resulted in 10 to 15% increase in grain resistance to shattering and significant reduction in percent green rice. However, there was no reduction in milled rice yield and percent whole kernel and was no change in the percent chalky rice and percent tinted rice. Diquat use appears highly desirable, if there is no residue problem which has not been studied in the present study.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.219-228
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• 2019

This study summarized processing factor (PF) by the stage of rice and barley processing based on JMPR reports from 2006 to 2016. We compared PF of 17 pesticides in rice products during the processing of rice grain, husked rice, polished rice, hulls, bran and cooked rice. Among the 17 pesticides, 12 pesticides except for 5 pesticides such as acephate, methamidophos, glufosinate, quinclorac and sulfoxaflor mostly decreased in pesticides when rice grain processed into brown rice. Pesticides tended to be partially reduced when processed from husked rice to polished rice. However, hulls and bran produced during the milling process were concentrated. Acephate and others, 5 pesticides are systemic pesticides, and pesticides are penetrated into foods, and a large amount of pesticides was not removed during the milling process. The remaining pesticide residues in polished rice were mostly removed after processing into cooked rice, and trace amounts of pesticide residues remained. In the comparison of 23 pesticides PF during the processing of barley products (pearl barley, flour, short, malt, beer, hulls and bran). Most of the pesticide except for 4 pesticide (ethephon, pyraclostrobin, penthiopyrad, sulfoxaflor), which are systemic pesticides, decreased during the process of pearl barley production out of the barley grain. The pesticide in the malt, which was made by steeping pearl barley was concentrated but when processed into beer, pesticide was remained only in trace amounts.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.249-255
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the exposure assessment of Korean consumers to edifenphos and tricyclazole in cattle product fed the rice straw, using a probabilistic approach. We used tricyclazole and edifenphos residue data in rice straw reported by National Academy of Agricultural Science (NAAS) for the 1998, 1999, 2001 and 2010 monitoring study and National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service (NAQS) for 2009 monitoring study. The mean exposures of edifenphos and tricyclazole for all of Korean consumers were 0.027% and 0.0006% of ADI and $99%^{th}$ percentile exposures were 0.034% and 0.0007% of ADI respectively. The group of 1~6 years old consumers has the lowest exposure of edifenphos and tricyclazole. The group of 19~29 years old consumers has the highest exposure of edifenphos and tricyclazole.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.104-127
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• 2016

A new analytical method has been developed to determine 320 pesticides in apple and rice. The extraction of pesticides was carried out based on QuEChERS sample extraction, and determination was performed using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. 320 pesticides were selected for experiments. 251 and 110 pesticides among them were analysed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS, respectively. 41 pesticides of them were analyzed by both GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. Among pesticides analysed by LC, 242 pesticides (96% of total number) in apple and 237 pesticides (94% of total number) in rice showed recoveries in the range of 70~120% with RSD ${\leq}20%$. In case of pesticides analyzed by GC-MS/MS, 103 pesticides (94% of total number) in apple and 83 pesticides (76% of total number) in rice were successfully validated. These results indicated that LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS analysis with the QuEChERS sample preparation can be partly applied to multi-residue pesticides in agricultural products.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.339-345
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Recently in Korea, the import of agricultural products is rising due to the increasing amount of trade. Unregistered pesticides, allidochlor, propachlor, propham, cycloate, diallate and pebulate are widely used as pesticides for rice cultivation in foreign countries, while they are not registered in Korea. Therefore, the residue amount of imported agri-foods should be verified using the proper official analytical method for each of them that has not registered in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: This work was conducted to apply the official method of Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) for determining multi class pesticide multiresidues in agricultural commodities. Brown rice and orange which have different characteristics as a matrix were selected as representative samples for residue analysis. The recoveries of cycloate, diallate and pebulate by GC/MS in fortified brown rice and orange with levels of 0.04~0.4 mg/kg were ranged from 82.8% to 110.3%. The quantification limits of three pesticides in brown rice and orange were 0.04 mg/kg. CONCLUSION: As a result, this method can surely be used as an official method for routine analysis of unregistered pesticides in Korea for imported agri-food.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.14 no.1 s.22
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• pp.29-33
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• 1975

The experiment It·as conducted to find out the distribution of fenitrothion in rice plants at the preheading stage and its residue in harvested grains. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Distribution of fenitrothion in rice plants were measured 15.32 ppm attached to the leaf surface immediately after spray and 6.73 ppm was penetrated into tissues after 24 hours. 2. Residual amounts of fenitrothion in rice grains was 0.04 ppm at chaff and 0.01 ppm at unpolished rice, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.82-85
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate if elevated $CO_2$ affects the residue pattern of $^{14}C$ in the soil environment after $^{14}C$-carbaryl treatment $^{14}C$-carbaryl was applied on the rice plant-grown greenhouse soil exposed to atmospheric and elevated $CO_2$ conditions. $^{14}C$-radioactivity was measured in the rhizospheric soil and rice straw samples six months after $^{14}C$-carbaryl application. Significantly high radioactivity was observed in the soil exposed to atmospheric $CO_2$ as compared to that in the soil exposed to elevated C(h. Background level of radioactivity was observed in rice plant samples. These observations suggest the possibility that elevated $CO_2$ may affect residual radioactivity of $^{14}C$-carbaryl in the soil rather than that in the plant.