• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.601-605
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• 1993

This study was purposed to investigate the efficiency of protein utilization of rapeseed meal (RSM) and formaldehyde-treated RSM (TRSM) by sheep, and their influence on performance of growing heifers. Experiment 1 was conducted according to a double $3{\times}3$ Latin square design involving sex yearling Hu Sheep and three experimental diets. All diets contained 600 g ammoniated rice straw and 200 g concentrate mixture. Three dietary treatments were: (1) 100 g RSM + 40 g soybean meal (URUS), (2) 100 g TRSM + 40 g soybean meal (TRUS) and (3) 100 g TRSM + 40 g treated soybean meal (TRTS). Apparent nitrogen digestibility was significantly higher for diet TRUS than that for URUS or TRTS (p<0.05), but with no significant difference between URUS and TRTS (p>0.05). Proportion of nitrogen retention (NR) to the digestible nitrogen intake for diet TRUS and TRTS was 25.57 (p<0.05) and 23.44% (p<0.05) higher than that for URUS respectively. As a result, proportion of NR to nitrogen intake for diet TRUS and TRTS was 34.74 (p<0.05) and 23.78% (p<0.05) higher than that for URUS respectively. Experiment 2 was conducted with 59 Holstein heifers. They were 12-20 months of age at the start of the trial. The experiment was a $2{\times}2$ factorial trial in which the heifers were given the ammoniated rice straw ad libitum and 1.5 kg hay, and supplemented with either RSM or TRSM at a daily allowance of 1.2 or 1.8 kg per day. The live weight gains for heifers receiving 1.2 and 1.8 kg/d of RSM or TRSM were 0.491 and 0.556 or 0.564 and 0.665 kg/d, respectively. The results suggest that formaldehyde treatment can effectively improve the efficiency of protein utilization of rapessed meal and cattle's performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1548-1553
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted to study the nutritional quality of whole crop corn silage ensiled with cage layer manure in sheep. Treatments were designed as a $3{\times}3$ Latin square with 16-day periods. Sheep were allotted in one of three diet-treatments, which were whole crop corn silage (CS), whole crop corn+30% cage layer manure (CLM) silage (based on DM; MS) and rice straw+concentrate (SC) mixed at 8:2 ratio (on DM basis). Silage ensiled with CLM significantly increased (p<0.05) digestibilities of crude protein, NDF and ADF, TDN over the other treatments. Ruminal pH in sheep fed SC was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the other diets at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h after feeding. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration of the MS treatment was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the other treatments at 0, 1, 2 h after feeding. The MS treatment highly increased (p<0.05) feed intake, digestibility of organic matter and crude protein, nitrogen intake and retained nitrogen. The MS treatment highly increased (p<0.05) purine derivative (PD) excretion leading to higher microbial protein synthesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1568-1572
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• 2002

A 152 day trial was conducted to see the effect of feeding naturally fermented wheat straw (FWS) with either energy, protein or energy protein supplements on the growth of buffalo calves. Twenty four male buffalo calves (10-12 months old) divided in 6 equal groups were individually offered FWS as sole roughage along with either conventional concentrate mixture (conc), maize grains (M), solvent extracted mustard cake (DMC), M-DMC mixture (50:50), deoiled rice bran (DRB) or uromol bran mixture (UBM) in 70:30 ratio. The digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen retention and nutritive value was maximum in FWS:UBM followed by FWS:DMC and FWS:Conc groups. Almost, all the blood parameters were observed well within the normal range except that of blood urea (FWS:UBM) and creatinine (FWS:DMC and FWS:DRB). The dietary combination in which FWS was supplemented with only conventional protein supplement like DMC proved to be highly efficient as far as live weight gain was concerned. FWS supplemented with energy-protein combination i.e. MDMC could also be used as complete feed for growing calves in comparison to conventional feeding system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1416-1423
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• 2016

This study was designed to investigate the effect of grape pomace powder (GPP), mangosteen peel powder (MPP) and monensin on feed intake, nutrients digestibility, microorganisms, rumen fermentation characteristic, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance in dairy steers. Four, rumen fistulated dairy steers with initial body weight (BW) of $220{\pm}15kg$ were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to receive four treatments. The treatments were as follows: T1 = control, T2 = supplementation with monensin at 33 mg/kg diet, T3 = supplementation with GPP at 2% of dry matter intake, and T4 = supplementation with MPP at 30 g/kg diet. The steers were offered the concentrate diet at 0.2% BW and 3% urea treated rice straw (UTRS) was fed ad libitum. It was found that GPP supplemented group had higher UTRS intake and nutrient digestibility in terms of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber than those in control group (p<0.05). Ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) and blood urea-nitrogen concentration were higher in monensin, GPP and MPP supplemented groups (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acids and propionate in the GPP group were higher than those in the control group (p<0.05) while acetate concentration, and acetate to propionate ratio were decreased (p<0.01) when steers were supplemented with GPP, monensin, and MPP, respectively. Moreover, protozoal populations in GPP, MPP, and monensin supplementation were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.05), while cellulolytic bacterial population was significantly higher in the control group (p<0.05). Nitrogen retention, microbial crude protein and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis were found significantly higher in steers that received GPP (p<0.05). Based on this study it could be concluded that the GPP has potential as an alternative feed supplement in concentrate diets which can result in improved rumen fermentation efficiency, digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in steers fed on treated rice straw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1432-1442
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of palm and/or linseed oil (LSO) supplementation on carcass quality, sensory evaluation and fatty acid profile of beef from crossbred Wagyu beef steers. Twenty four fattening Wagyu crossbred beef steers (50% Wagyu), averaging $640{\pm}18kg$ live weight (LW) and approximately 30 mo old, were stratified and randomly assigned in completely randomized design into 3 treatment groups. All steers were fed approximately 7 kg/d of 14% crude protein concentrate with ad libitum rice straw and had free access to clean water and were individually housed in a free-stall unit. The treatments were i) control concentrate plus 200 g/d of palm oil; ii) control concentrate plus 100 g/d of palm oil and 100 g/d of LSO, iii) control concentrate plus 200 g/d of LSO. This present study demonstrated that supplementation of LSO rich in C18:3n-3 did not influence feed intakes, LW changes, carcass and muscle characteristics, sensory and physical properties. LSO increased C18:3n-3, C22:6n-3, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), however, it decreased C18:1t-11, C18:2n-6, cis-9, trans-11, and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acids, n-6 PUFA and n-6:n-3 ratio in Longissimus dorsi and Semimembranosus muscles.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1022-1028
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• 2021

Objective: Supplemental nitrate is known to be an effective tool to mitigate methane emission by ruminants. Based on theoretical considerations, supplemental nitrate can improve but also deteriorate the growth performance. The overall effect of supplemental nitrate on growth performance, however, is not yet known. The objective of the current study was therefore to evaluate the effect of a higher dose of NO3- on overall growth performance when feeding either Pangola grass hay or rice straw. Methods: Thirty-two crossbred, 3-month-old Thai native×Anglo-Nubian crossbred male goats were used. The experiment had a 2×2 factorial design with an experimental period of 60 days. Eight goats were randomly allocated to each dietary treatment, i.e. a ration containing either Pangola hay (Digitaria eriantha Steud) or rice straw (Oryza Sativa) as a source of roughage, supplemented with a concentrate containing either 3.2% or 4.8% potassium nitrate. The rations were formulated to be isonitrogenous. The animals were weighed at the start of the experiment and at days 30 and 60. Feces were collected during the last five days of each 30-day period. Results: High-nitrate increased overall DM intake by approximately 3%, irrespective the source of roughage, but only the goats fed a rice straw-based ration responded with an increase in body weight (BW). Thus, the overall feed conversion ratio (kg feed/kg BW gain) was influenced by roughage source ×nitrate and decreased by almost 60% when the goats were fed rice straw in combination with a high versus a low dietary nitrate content. The digestibility of macronutrients was only affected by the source of roughage and the digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fibre was greater when the goats were fed Pangola hay. Conclusion: It was concluded that the replacement of soybean meal by nitrate improves the growth performance of meat goats fed rations based on rice straw, but not Pangola hay.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.215-222
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• 1997

Ten rice varieties were planted at two locations (lowland and highland), during the wet and dry seasons of different years. In vivo digestibility and voluntary intake of the straw, were determined in groups of fat-tail sheep, supplemented with $18g{\cdot}kg^{-0.75}$ concentrate DM, containing ~20% crude protein. Voluntary intake of digestible straw organic matter (DOMI) consistently varied from 15.2 to $20.9g{\cdot}kg^{-0.75}$ between straw varieties, averaged over locations, years and seasons, despite considerable variation between individual batches. This variation in the nutritive value of the straw was independent of straw and grain yield, so it would seem that there is scope for selection of rice varieties with straw of higher nutritive value. The variation in DOMI of straw among location of growth, year and season, was of a magnitude similar to the improvement brought about by urea-ammoniation. The in sacco degradation characteristics and digestibility of rice straw residues were superior to those of the offered straw. This can be attributed to a preference for rice straw leaves relative to stems. Averaged over location of growth, year and season, characteristics of in sacco degradation, i.e. the rate of fermentative degradation and the truly undegradable fraction, emerged as accurate predictors of the nutritive value of rice straw.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.1598-1603
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• 2018

Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate kenaf as a roughage source in vitro and its effects on meat quality of Hanwoo (Korean native) cattle. Methods: Three roughage materials, rice straw silage, ryegrass silage, and kenaf silage, were tested in a batch culture and feeding trial. Rumen fermentation parameters, including gas, pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), and ammonia were analyzed. In the feeding trial, Hanwoo steers ($373.5{\pm}5.1kg$, n = 36, 11 month of age) were divided into three feeding groups (n = 12 each). Animals were fed with each silage and concentrate until the fattening stage. Results: Crude protein, ether extract, and non-structural carbohydrates were greater in kenaf silage. Total gas production was higher in ryegrass silage, followed by kenaf silage and rice straw silage (p<0.05). Total VFA and individual VFA (acetate, propionate, and n-butyrate) were greater in kenaf silage than rice straw silage (p<0.05). In vitro dry matter digestibility showed a similar trend to that of total gas and VFA production; it was higher in ryegrass silage and lower in rice straw (p<0.05). Throughout the feeding trial, the rice straw silage group showed significantly greater average daily gain than did the others (p<0.05). The feed conversion ratio in the group fed kenaf silage was significantly greater than that of others (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in yield or quality traits, including carcass weight, ribeye area, backfat thickness, and scores for marbling, meat color, and fat color (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that no negative effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics occurred across treatments. Therefore, kenaf could be substituted for rice straw, which is most widely used as a roughage source in Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.356-362
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• 2006

This study aimed to assess the effects of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from rice straw on blood metabolites and productivity of dairy cows in the tropics. Eight Holstein ${\times}$ indigenous (75-87.5% Holstein) were randomly allocated to dietary treatments according to a double $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Contents of roughage NDF from rice straw were 12.8, 14.8, 16.8 and 18.8% dry matter (DM) and concentrate NDF content was 10.2% DM, so that levels of dietary NDF were 23, 25, 27 and 29% DM. Dietary treatments were isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets. The average maximum and minimum temperature humidity index during the experimental period were 85.6 and 76.9, respectively. Plasma glucose (p<0.05), dry matter intake and 4% fat corrected milk (p<0.01) decreased with increasing contents of roughage NDF from rice straw, while rectal temperature, serum urea, cortisol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p<0.05), serum total protein and ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (p<0.01) increased. Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol were not affected (p>0.05). Decreased rectal temperature and concentrations of serum cortisol were associated with decreasing levels of ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate and serum urea, but with increased concentrations of plasma glucose, DMI and 4% fat corrected milk indicating that lactating cows fed lower fiber diets were in lower oxidative stress. Therefore higher intake and metabolic efficiency in dairy cows fed diets lower in roughage NDF from rice straw would be of an advantage in productive systems under tropical conditions.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2013

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen supplementation through urea-molasses multinutrient block (UMMB) on the performance of dairy cows fed good quality forage based diets with rice straw as a night feeding. A total of 10 multiparous crossbred dairy cows in their early lactation were grouped into two categories based on their breed, parity, body weight, milk yield, milk fat and protein contents and daily fed a chopped CO-3 grass (Pennisetum purpureum ${\times}$ Pennisetum americanum; hybrid Napier) ad-libitum, 1 kg of dairy cow concentrate feed during the day time and 5 kg of rice straw (dry matter basis) at night as the basal diet (control) for 5 wk. In addition to the basal diet, the treatment group received 300 g of crushed UMMB daily throughout the experimental period. Cows were milked twice daily and the milk yields were recorded. Milk and feed samples were collected weekly for chemical analysis. Supplementation of UMMB had no significant effects (p>0.05) on straw intake, daily milk yield, contents and yields of milk constituents such as milk fat, protein, lactose and solids-non-fat. In addition, milk urea nitrogen content were not affected (p>0.05) by UMMB supplementation. However, numerical increments in all the parameters measured were observed during the study in cows fed diets supplemented with UMMB. It can be concluded that nitrogen supplied through UMMB had no effects on production performances of dairy cows in this study.