• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 1995

The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of ginseng saponins [ginseng total saponin (GTS), protopanaxadiol saponin (PD) and protopanaxatriol saponin (PT)] on the hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor super-sensitivity induced by cocaine. A single treatment with cocaine produced hyperactivity. Repeated administration of cocaine developed reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor super-sensitivity was also developed in reverse tolerant mice which had received the same cocaine. The hyperactivity and the developments of reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor super-sensitivity by cocaine were inhibited by ginseng saponins. From these results, it is proposed that ginseng saponins may be useful for the prevention and therapy of the adverse actions of cocaine. In addition, the rank order of inhibitory potential was observed as PT>GTS>PD. Key words Cocaine, hyperactivity, reverse tolerance, dopamine receptor super-sensitivity, ginseng saponins.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1074-1078
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• 2003

The effects of glycine on morphine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice was examined. A single administration of morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) induced hyperactivity as measured in mice. The morphine-induced hyperactivity was inhibited by pretreatment with glycine (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, i.p.). In addition, it was found repeated administration of morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) to mice daily for 6 days caused an increase in motor activity which could be induced by a subsequent morphine dose, an effect known as reverse tolerance or sensitization. Glycine (100, 200 and 400 rng/kg, i.p.) also inhibited morphine-induced reverse tolerance. Mice that had received 7 daily repeated administrations of morphine also developed postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity, as shown by enhanced ambulatory activity after administration of apomorphine (2 mg/kg, s.c.). Glycine inhibited the development of postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by repeated administration of morphine. It is suggested that the inhibitory effects of glycine might be mediated by dopaminergic (DAergic) transmission. Accordingly, the inhibition by glycine of the morphine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity suggests that glycine might be useful for the treatment of morphine addiction.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.202-207
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the effect of tetrahydroisoxazolopyridine (THIP), a $GABA_A$ agonist, on the morphine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. A single administration of morphine induced hyperactivity in mice. However, the morphine-induced hyperactivity was inhibited dose-dependently by the administration of THIP (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg, i.p.). In contrast, daily administration of morphine resulted in a reverse tolerance to the hyperactivity caused by morphine (10 mg/kg ,s.c.). THIP inhibited the development of reverse tolerance in the mice that had received the repeated same morphine (10 mg/kg s.c.) doses. The postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity, which was evidenced by the enhanced ambulatory activity its after the administration of apomorphine (2 mg/kg s.c.), also developed in the reverse tolerant mice. THIP also inhibited the development of the postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity indulged by the chronic morphine administration. These results suggest that the hyperactivity, reverse toterance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by morphine can be inhibited activating the $GABA_A$ receptors.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1991.10a
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• pp.9-16
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• 1991

The current status of reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration membranes are reviewed with the view for the future. In the case of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, as examples, new crosslinked aromatic polyamide membranes exhibited the superior separation performance with the sufficient water permeability, the high tolerance for oxidizing agents and chemicals. Ultrafiltration (UF) membrane based on poly(phenylene sulfide sulfone) (PPSS) also exibited the superior separation performance with the high solvent, heat and fouling resistance.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.36-46
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• 1996

Variation of Al tolerance in Pinus densiflora, P. rigida and P. thunbergii was investigated in a solution culture. Root length decreased as Al concentration increased, and decreased more in dilute culture media than in dense one. Aluminum tolerance based on relative root length was in the order of P. rigida ＞ P. densiflora ＞ P. thunbergii. Al content in tissue increased as Al concentration of the media increased, but the reverse was true for content of Ca and Mg. Al tolerance for root length showed intraspecific variation, even under the same Al concentration in the media.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.152.2-153
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• 2003

We examined the effects of glycine on the morphine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. A single administration of morphine (10 mg $kg^{-1}$ s.c.) induced hyperactivity as measured in mice. The morphine-induced hyperactivity aws inhibited dose-dependently by the pretreatment with glycine(100, 200 and 400 mg $kg^{-1}$ i.p.). (omitted)

• Membrane Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.317-324
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• 2014

It is very well known that the conventional polyamide (PA) thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have excellent permselective properties, but their chlorine tolerance is not good enough. In this study, to improve such chlorine tolerance, microporous membranes containing hydrophilic functional groups such as -COOH were used as a support to prepare PA TFC RO membranes, employing the conventional interfacial polymerization method. Meta-phenylene diamine (MPD) and 2,6-diamine toluene (2,6-DAT) were used as diamine monomers and tri-mesoyl chloride (TMC) as an acid monomer. The membranes prepared were characterized using various instrumental analytical methods and permeation test set-up. The flux obtained from the membranes prepared so was more than $1.0m^3/m^2day$ at 800 psi of operating pressure, while the salt rejection was over 99.0%. The chlorine tolerance of them was also found to be better than that of the membrane prepared by using conventional polysulfone support without hydrophilic functional groups.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.41-63
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• 2005

Ginseng has been useful for the treatment of diverse disease in oriental countries for thousands of years. In addition, a folk medicine prescribed by seven herbal drugs including Panax ginseng has been antinarcotics in the treatment of morphine-dependent patients. Many articles have been reported on these works. Therefore, we review the protective effects of Panax ginseng on the neurotoxicity induced by abuse drugs. Ginseng total saponins (GTS) extracted and isolated by Panax ginseng antagonized morphine-induced analgesia, and inhibited the development of analgesic tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine. CTS inhibited morphine-6 dehydrogenase, which catalyzes production of mophinone from morphine, and increased hepatic glutathione level responsible to toxicity. Therefore, wehypothesized that these dual actions of ginseng can be associated with the detoxication of morphine. In addition, the inhibitory or facilitated effects of GTS on electrically evoked contraction in guinea pig ileum (${\mu}$-receptors) and mouse vas deferens(${\delta}$-receptors) were not mediated through opioid receptors, suggesting non-opioid mechanisms. On the hand, antagonism of U-50,488H (${\kappa}$-agonist)-induced antinociception is mediated by serotonergic mechanisms. GTS also inhibited hyperactivity, reverse tolerance (sensitization) and conditioned place preference-induced by psychostimulants such as methamphetamine, cocaine and morphine. On the other hand, GTS reduced the dopamine levels induced by methamphetamine. Moreover, GTS blocked the development of dopamine receptor activation, showing antidopaminergic effect. We suggest that GTS prevent the methamphetamine-induced striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity. In addition, Ginsenoside also attenuates morphine-induced CAMP signaling pathway. These results suggested that GTS might be useful for the therapy of the adverse actions of drugs with abuse liability.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2007

The effects of the alcoholic extract of Bacopa monniera (BMA) on morphine-induced pharmacological activities were studied in mice. Oral administration of the extract (40 mg/kg) significantly inhibited morphine-induced analgesic tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, hyperactivity, reverse tolerance, Dopamine receptor supersensitivity and apo-morphine-induced climbing behaviour in mice. The results of this study showed that, alcoholic extract of Bacopa monniera (BMA) exerted inhibitory effect against morphine-induced pharmacological effects, suggesting that the extract could be useful in the treatment of morphine toxicity.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.124.3-125
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• 2001