• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.28
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• pp.3.1-3.8
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• 2013

Objectives We investigated the genotoxic effects of 40-59 nm silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) by bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), in vitro comet assay and micronucleus (MN) assay. In particular, we directly compared the effect of cytochalasin B (cytoB) and rat liver homogenate (S9 mix) in the formation of MN by Ag-NPs. Methods Before testing, we confirmed that Ag-NPs were completely dispersed in the experimental medium by sonication (three times in 1 minute) and filtration ($0.2{\mu}m$ pore size filter), and then we measured their size in a zeta potential analyzer. After that the genotoxicity were measured and especially, S9 mix and with and without cytoB were compared one another in MN assay. Results Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 strains revealed that Ag-NPs with or without S9 mix did not display a mutagenic effect. The genotoxicity of Ag-NPs was also evaluated in a mammalian cell system using Chinese hamster ovary cells. The results revealed that Ag-NPs stimulated DNA breakage and MN formation with or without S9 mix in a dose-dependent manner (from $0.01{\mu}g/mL$ to $10{\mu}g/mL$). In particular, MN induction was affected by cytoB. Conclusions All of our findings, with the exception of the Ames test results, indicate that Ag-NPs show genotoxic effects in mammalian cell system. In addition, present study suggests the potential error due to use of cytoB in genotoxic test of nanoparticles.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2018

This study aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity of Litsea japonica fruit-hexane extract (LJF-HE). In order to examine the genotoxicity, we carried out bacterial reverse mutation assay, chromosome aberration assay, and a micronucleus induction (MN) test according to the OECD and the Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) toxicity test guidelines. In the bacterial reverse mutation assay, no significant increase in revertant colonies, nor bacterial toxicity, was observed in the LJF-HE treatment group, regardless of the absence or presence of metabolic activation by the S9 mixture. However, in the positive control group, revertant colony counts were shown to be more than twice that of the negative control group. The chromosome aberration test showed that the repetition rate of abnormal chromosome aberration was less than 5%, regardless of the treatment time, and with or without the S9 mixture. No significant change was observed when (p < 0.05) compared with the negative control group. The micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) repetition rate of the polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) showed no significant changes when compared with the negative control group (p < 0.05). The PCE portion of total erythrocytes also showed no significant changes (p < 0.05). These results showed that LJF-HE had no significant genotoxic effects.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.319-323
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• 2002

In order to investigate the safety of Aralia elata extract causing the reduction in the blood glucose level and oxidative stress in diabetes animals, these genotoxicity studies in bacterial and mammalian cell assay system such as Ames bacterial reverse mutation test and chromosomal aberration assay were performed. As results, in Ames bacterial reversion assay the extract in the range of 5,000-625 ug/plate did not induce mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535 and TA 1537 strains with and without metabolic activation of S-9 mixture. For chromosomal aberration assay, $IC_{50}$ (50% inhibition concentration of cell growth) of the extract were determined; 792 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ without and 524 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ with S-9 mixture in Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblast cell culture. Any significant chromosomal aberration was not observed in CHL cells treated with the extract at the concentrations of 792, 396 and 198 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ or 524, 262 and 131 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ in the absence or presence of S-9 metabolic activation, respectively. From these results, Aralia elata extract did not induce any harmful effects on the gene in bacteria and mammalian cell system used in these experiments.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.383-390
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• 2013

Mistlero C was shown to be non-genotoxic in a series of genotoxicity tests, including a bacterial reverse mutation test and a combined in vivo mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test. In a bacterial reverse mutation assay, no significant increases in the number of revertant colonies, compared to the negative control, was detected in $5,000{\mu}g/plate$ of Mistlero C. In addition, with Mistlero C, no changes were shown in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) among 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes compared to the negative control. Mistlero C was administered orally in rats to investigate acute toxicity. The $LD_{50}$ values in rats were above 2,000 mg/kg. In a repeated dose, 13-week, oral toxicity study conducted in rats, no compound-related adverse effects were shown at doses of Mistlero C of up to 1,000 mg/kg body weight/day. The results of these studies support the safe use of Mistlero C in food for human consumption.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.211-216
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• 1998

In order to evaluate the mutagenic potential of SDK(skin decontamination kit) produced by Agency for Defense Development(ADD), were performed Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay, chromosomal aberration test on chinese hamster ovarian cells and in vivo micronucleus assay using mouse bone marrow cells according to the established regulation of Korean Food and Drug Administration. In the reverse mutation test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 did not in-crease the number of revertant at any of the concentration tested in this study. SDK did not increase the number of cells having structural or numerical chromosome aberration in cytogenetic test. In mouse micronucleus test, no significant increase in the occurrence oj micro nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes were observed in ICR male mice intraperitoneally administered with SDK. These results indicate that SDK has no mutagenic effects under these experimental conditions.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.621-629
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• 2014

This study aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity of GST (Gamisasangja-tang). For examining genotoxicity, we carried out bacterial reverse mutation assay, chromosome aberration assay, micronucleus induction test according to OECD guidelines. Bacterial reverse mutation assay: In GST treating group, regardless of existence S9 mix, revertant colonies counts appeared to be less than twice of negative control group and dose dependent increase. In positive control group, revertant colonies counts were shown to be more than twice of negative control croup. Chromosome aberration assay: All cell line showed repetition rate of abnormal chromosome aberration less than 5%, regardless of treating time, existence of S9 mix, and no significant change ($p{\succeq}0.05$) compared with negative control group. Micronucleus induction test: Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) repetition rate of Polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) showed no significant changes compared with negative control group ($p{\succeq}0.05$). PCE portion of total erythrocytes also showed no significant changes ($p{\succeq}0.05$). Our results showed that GST didn't induce any genotoxicity.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.18-21
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• 2005

These observations were performed to investigate the safety of the natural herbs (Rhus-II) in respect of genotoxicity. This substance was examined in two in-vitro tests: (1) Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay (Ames test) in strain TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535 and TA 1537, (2) in vitro chromosome aberration test in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In the reverse mutation test, Rhus-II did not induced mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay(Ames test) with or without metabolic activation. In the chromosome aberration assay using CHO cells, there was no increased incidence of structural and numerical aberrations with or without metabolic activation. These results indicated that, the Rhus-II had no genotoxicity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.127-127
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• 2001

Single-dose toxicity of a new phosphodiesterse inhibitor-5, DA -8159, was studied in rats via oral and intravenous routes and in mice via oral route. In addition, genotoxic potential of DA-8159 was investigated by using of the battery of test; reverse mutation test on bacteria, chromosomal aberration test on cultured mammalian cells and micronucleous test on mice.(omitted)

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.817-820
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• 2006

The potential genotoxicity of methylsulfonylmethane, a crystalline organic sulfur, derived from chemically modified lignin from plants was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo assays. In the bacterial reverse mutation test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1538, methylsulfonylmethane did not induce any significant increase of His' revertants. In the in vitro chromosome aberration test using Chinese Hamster Lung (CHL) cells, no aberration effects were seen. In the in vivo evaluation using a micronucleus test, negative results were obtained. Accordingly, the results indicated that methylsulfonylmethane is not genotoxic and its use is unlikely to present a potential hazard.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.215-219
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• 2010

This study was undertaken to investigate the mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of Acanthopanax koreanum Nakai. Antimutagenic study on extract of A. koreanum was studied using the test with Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA98. And mutagenicity study was studied using the test with S. typhimurium TA100, TA98, TA1535, TA1537 and Escherichia coli WP2 uvr A. A. koreanum was negative in Ames test with S. typhimurium and E. coli with or without S-9 mixture. Test substances of $5000\;{\mu}g/{\mu}l$, $2500\;{\mu}g/{\mu}l$ and $600\;{\mu}g/{\mu}l$ of A. koreanum extracts were chosen via toxicity test. Ames test was performed on positive control group, experimental group and negative control group in the presence of the metabolic activation system and metabolic non-activation system. As a result, there was no coherent increase and reverse mutation in all concentrations. Therefore, A. koreanum does not cause reverse mutation. In addition, A. koreanum showed strong antimutagenic activities in S. typhimurim TA100 and TA98. In conclusion, A. koreanum root may be an excellent antimutagenic agent.