• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.508-513
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• 1997

고아밀로오스 옥수수전분인 Hylon V와 Hylon VII을 사용하여 수분-열처리 및 노화하고 효소저항 전분을 분리하여 열적 특성 및 입자 형태를 각각 DSC와 현미경으로 조사하였다. 처리 후 효소저항 전분의 수율은 두 전분이 비슷한 경향으로 증가하였으나 아밀로오스 함량이 높은 Hylon VII이 Hylon V보다 더 높았다. 특히 수분-열처리에 의해 효소저항성이 크게 증가되어 생전분과 수분-열처리 전분의 효소저항 전분 수율은 Hylon V의 경우는 11.4%에서 26.6%로, Hylon VII의 경우는 15.9%에서 32.8%로 증가하였으나 노화전분은 생전분보다 약간 증가하였다. DSC에 의하면 수분-열처리로 호화온도가 증가되고 엔탈피가 감소하나, 노화된 전분은 $140^{\circ}C$ 근처에서 피크를 보였다. 생전분과 수분-열처리 전분에서 분리한 효소저항 전분은 폭넓은 곡선을 나타낸 반면, 노화전분에서 분리한 효소저항 전분은 $150^{\circ}C$ 근처에서 날카로운 피크를 나타냈다. 수분-열처리에 의해 전분 입자의 형태나 복굴절은 그대로 유지되었으나 노화전분은 호화 중에 용출된 아밀로오스에 의해 입자들이 서로 엉켜 있었다. 수분-열처리 전분에서 분리된 효소저항 전분은 요드 염색으로 남색을 보여 생전분이나 노화전분에서 분리된 효소저항 전분보다 효소저항성이 큼을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.533-538
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• 2012

가래떡의 노화 특성을 분석하기 위하여 갈락토올리고당(50%)과 말토올리고당을 쌀가루 기준으로 각각 10% 농도로 첨가하여 쌀가루의 pasting 특성을 측정하였고, 가래떡을 제조하여 $5^{\circ}C$ 냉장 보관하면서 0, 2, 6, 24 및 30시간 경과 후 텍스처의 변화를 Texture Analyzer에 의해 측정하여 실험군의 떡을 무첨가군 떡과 비교하였다. 그리고 가래떡의 노화도는 텍스처 특성 중에서 0, 2, 4, 6, 22, 24, 28 및 30시간 경과 후 경도의 변화를 이용하여 Avrami 방정식에 따라 실험군의 떡을 무첨가군 떡과 비교하였다. 갈락토올리고당(50%)과 말토올리고당을 첨가한 실험군의 pasting 특성에서 peak(P) viscosity는 무첨가군에 비해 낮게 나타났고, hot paste viscosity(H)는 높게 나타났다. Breakdown(P-H)과 consistency(C-H)는 모든 실험군에서 무첨가군에 비해 낮게 나타나 올리고당을 10%를 첨가한 실험군에서 노화억제 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 텍스처 특성 중 경도의 경우 실험군은 무첨가군에 비해 감소하는 경향으로 노화를 억제하는 효과를 보여 주었다. Avrami 방정식에 따른 노화 특성 분석 결과는 Avrami($n$)지수 값은 무첨가군보다 약간 높은 범위였으나 노화의 속도를 나타내는 시간상수(1/$k$)는 무첨가군 떡의 경우 43.29이었고 실험군의 경우는 82.64에서 84.75 범위로 무첨가군에 비해 그 값이 높았으며 노화속도가 느린 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 무첨가군에 비교하여 실험군 모두 경도가 낮고 노화 진행속도가 느린 것으로 나타나 갈락토올리고당(50%)과 말토올리고당을 가래떡 제조 시 10% 수준으로 첨가하면 노화억제 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.1213-1221
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• 1997

올리고당이 가래떡의 조직감변화에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 당 조성이 다른 3가지 올리고당류 (M75, HL, G4)를 쌀가루에 고형분대치로 10% 까지 첨가하여 제조한 후 실온$(25^{\circ}C)$과 냉장$(4^{\circ}C)$ 조건하에서 5일간 보관하연서 조직감의 변화를 기계적으로 측정하였다. 가래떡의 조직감특성은 사용된 올리고당의 종류, 첨가농도, 보관온도 및 보관기간에 따라 유의적인 차이(p<0.0001)를 나타내므로 이들이 모두 가래떡의 견고성, 응집성, 탄성, 검성 및 씹힘성에 영향이 있음을 나타내었다. 모든 시료는 올리고당을 첨가하였을 때, 올리고당을 첨하지 않은 경우보다, 올리고당의 종류나 보관온도에 관계없이 시간경과에 따라 낮은 조직감 변화를 보였으며, 당농도가 증가할수록 조직감의 변화는 감소하는 경향으로 가래떡의 관능적 품질의 안정화에 효과를 보였다 특히 DE값이 높은 M75및 HL이 G4보다 노화억제에 더욱 기여하였으며 isomaltose 및 panose의 함량이 높은 HL이 maltose가 주성분인 M75보다 노화억제효과가 더 높았다. 호화된 전분젤을 $4^{\circ}C$에서 7일간 저장한 후 DSC를 이용하여 전분의 노화현상을 측정한 결과, 올리고당을 첨가했을 때 호화개시온도가 처음보다 낮아졌으며, 올리고당의 첨가농도가 증가함에 따라 재결정도는 낮은 비율을 나타냈다. 올리고당의 종류중 maltotetraose가 주성분인 G4보다 이당류, 삼당류가 주성분인 M75와 HL의 노화지연효과가 큰 것으로 나타났고, 특히 HL은 5%첨가로도 약 15%의 높은 전분 재결정화 억제효과를 나타내므로 조직감 측정 결과와 비교적 일치된 결과를 보였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권12호
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• pp.1972-1980
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• 2013

본 연구는 항산화능이 높으나 버려지는 오디박을 건조시킨 후 분쇄하여 분말 형태로 모닝빵에 첨가(1, 3, 5%)하여 $4^{\circ}C$에서 7일간 저장하면서 품질 특성 및 노화 특성을 분석하였다. 또한 관능평가를 통해 기호도를 알아보고, 건오디박 모닝빵에 적절한 건오디박 첨가의 배합과 제빵의 최적조건을 제시하고자 하였다. 저장일이 증가할수록 수분함량은 유의적으로 감소하고 무게도 감소하였으나, 건오디박을 첨가한 모닝빵의 수분함량은 건오디박 첨가량이 증가할수록 수분함량의 감소 정도가 대조군에 비해 낮았다. 명도는 건조 오디박의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였고 저장일이 증가할수록 증가하였다. 적색도는 건조 오디박의 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하였고 저장일이 증가할수록 감소되었다. 황색도는 건조 오디박의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하였고 저장일이 증가할수록 감소했다. 조직감 중 경도는 저장기간이 경과됨에 따라 높아졌으나 건오디박 첨가량이 증가할수록 경도의 증가폭은 적었다. 이를 통해 노화됨에 따라 전분조직의 변화로 인해 빵의 경도가 단단해지는 것을 건오디박이 막아주는 것을 확인하였다. 탄력성은 저장기간이 증가할수록 낮아지고 건오디박을 첨가할수록 낮아지는 경향을 나타냈지만 유의적 차이는 없다. 응집력은 저장기간이 증가할수록 낮아지고 샘플 간의 유의적 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 시차주사열량계로 측정한 결과, 건오디박 첨가량이 증가할수록 엔탈피가 감소하여 대조군에 비하여 노화도가 감소되어 오디박 첨가가 빵의 노화를 지연시키는 효과를 확인했다. 관능검사 결과 기호도에서 외관의 색, 맛, 향은 3% 건오디박 첨가군이 가장 높았다. 조직감은 0일에는 대조군이 가장 높았고 5일부터는 3% 건오디박 첨가군이 가장 높았다. 전반적인 기호도와 구입의사는 저장 0, 1, 3일에 1% 건오디박 첨가군이 가장 높았고 저장 5, 7일에는 3% 건오디박 첨가군이 가장 높았다. 강도검사 결과 건오디박을 첨가할수록 색과 오디향, 오디맛의 강도가 높게 나타났으며, 이와 반대로 조직감의 강도는 건오디박의 첨가량이 증가할수록 낮아지는 것을 볼 수 있다. 이상의 연구를 통해 모닝빵 제조 시 건오디박의 첨가는 수분 보지력을 높여 수분함량 변화를 최소화하고, 조직이 변화되는 것을 막아 경도에서 단단함을 보완하는 것이 가능한 것으로 보인다. 또한 관능검사에서 가장 기호도가 높았던 건오디박 3% 첨가군이 가장 바람직한 제조방법으로 사료된다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2017

This study investigated the effects of teff flour on the properties of pound cakes. Five types of pound cakes were made by addition of 0% (Control), 5% (TF5), 10% (TF10), 15% (TF15), and 20% (TF20) of teff flour based on wheat flour. Specific gravity of pound cake batter showed no significant differences among samples as 0.54 (p<0.05). Baking loss was the highest in the control at 5.92% and the lowest in TF20 at 5.27%. Batter yield was the highest in TF20 at 94.73% and the lowest in control at 94.08%. Moisture content was the highest in TF20 at 23.68% and the lowest in control at 21.32%. pH showed no significant differences among samples at 7.61~7.65 (p<0.05). a-values of crumb significantly increased while L-values and b-values significantly decreased with added teff flour amounts. (p<0.05). ${\Delta}E$ values significantly increased with teff flour at 34.32~49.24 (p<0.05). Hardness was lowest in TF20 at $180.60g/cm^2$. Springiness was the lowest in TF20 at 85.37%. Cohesiveness showed no significant differences among samples (p<0.05). Chewiness was the lowest in TF20 at 172.17 g. Hardness more rapidly increased in control at $273.13{\sim}26,123.33g/cm^2$ than that of pound cakes with teff flour. Avrami exponent (n) was the highest in the control at 3.5987 and the lowest in TF20 at 1.2144. In sensory evaluation, flavor of TF20 was higher than that of the control at 4.43. Overall acceptability had a higher score in TF20 than in the control. It is considered that addition of 20% teff flour can improve the quality characteristics and retard retrogradation of pound cake.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.170-179
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• 2009

This study examined effects on shelf-life extension and prevention of starch retrogradation in rye-wheat mixed bread (RWMB) samples prepared with substitutions of 20, 40, 60, and 80% rye sourdough (RSD) as well as a control made with the addition of naturally fermented raisin extract. These effects were investigated using mold growth, water activity, and textural characteristics during a storage period of 8 days at $20^{\circ}C$. The activities of the rye sourdough were examined in terms of pH, total titratable acidity, general bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast counts. As the incubation time of the sour dough increased, pH decreased, while total titratable acidity increased. General bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast counts increased with increasing incubation time. Mold grew on the external surface of the control group after 6 days and on the surface of the RSD bread samples after 8 days, respectively. With regard to water activity, the control group had increasing activity as the storage period increased. In addition, the 20, 40, 60, and 80% RSD samples had increasing water activities until the 4th day however, these strongly decreased by the 6th day. In terms of textural characteristics, as the storage period increased, hardness increased, while springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience decreased. There were no significant differences in gumminess among the samples. The control, 20, 40, and 60% RSD samples had decreases in chewiness with increasing storage time, however, the 40% RSD sample did not differ significantly during the storage period. Finally, water activity was negatively correlated with hardness (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results indicate that substituting rye sourdough in rye-wheat mixed bread has a prolongation effect on shelf-life, but no effect on the prevention of starch retrogradation.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different amounts of pumpkin powder on the quality characteristics of hobakpyeon using physicochemical and sensory properties, as well as on its retrogradation rate during storage. As the amount of pumpkin powder increased, the following effects on the quality characteristics were observed: moisture and amylose contents decreased while protein content increased (p<0.05), and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) decreased (p<0.05). Levels of slowly digestible starch and resistant starch fractions increased, while the content of rapidly digestible starch decreased. The starch digestion index and rapidly available glucose content also decreased. Among the physical properties, the L-value decreased while the b-value increased (p<0.05). Texture profile analysis revealed that all textural properties except adhesiveness decreased, and presented significant differences in hardness and chewiness (p<0.05). Sensory properties such as color, flavor, and sweetness increased while others such as wetness and chewiness decreased (p<0.05). Effects on the physicochemical properties during refrigerated storage were also compared between the control and 9% hobakpyeon (9%HP). According to the results, moisture content gradually decreased in the 9%HP compared to the control. Amylose content significantly increased in 9%HP whereas no significant changes were observed in the control. In both types of hobakpyeon, IVSD decreased significantly, showing higher values in 9%HP, whereas mechanical hardness increased, showing lower values in 9%HP. The L-value decreased significantly in the 9%HP whereas no significant changes were observed in the control. In conclusion, the above results suggest that hobakpyeon with low IVSD may be obtained by the addition of 9% pumpkin powder, and also showed that pumpkin powder delayed the rate of retrogradation in 9%HP during storage.

• 한국식품영양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품영양학회 2001년도 동계 학술심포지움
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• pp.39-74
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• 2001

The endeavors enhancing the grain quality of high-yielding japonica rice were steadily continued during 1980s∼1990s along with the self-sufficiency of rice production and the increasing demands of high-quality rices. During this time, considerably great, progress and success was obtained in development of high-quality japonica cultivars and qualify evaluation techniques including the elucidation of interrelationship between the physicochemical properties of rice grain and the physical or palatability components of cooked rice. In 1990s, some high-quality japonica rice caltivars and special rices adaptable for food processing such as large kernel, chalky endosperm aromatic and colored rices were developed and its objective preference and utility was also examined by a palatability meter, rapid-visco analyzer and texture analyzer. The water uptake rate and the maximum water absorption ratio showed significantly negative correlations with the K/Mg ratio and alkali digestion value(ADV) of milled rice. The rice materials showing the higher amount of hot water absorption exhibited the larger volume expansion of cooked rice. The harder rices with lower moisture content revealed the higher rate of water uptake at twenty minutes after soaking and the higher ratio of maximum water uptake under the room temperature condition. These water uptake characteristics were not associated with the protein and amylose contents of milled rice and the palatability of cooked rice. The water/rice ratio (in w/w basis) for optimum cooking was averaged to 1.52 in dry milled rices (12% wet basis) with varietal range from 1.45 to 1.61 and the expansion ratio of milled rice after proper boiling was average to 2.63(in v/v basis). The major physicochemical components of rice grain associated with the palatability of cooked rice were examined using japonica rice materials showing narrow varietal variation in grain size and shape, alkali digestibility, gel consistency, amylose and protein contents, but considerable difference in appearance and torture of cooked rice. The glossiness or gross palatability score of cooked rice were closely associated with the peak. hot paste and consistency viscosities of viscogram with year difference. The high-quality rice variety “Ilpumbyeo” showed less portion of amylose on the outer layer of milled rice grain and less and slower change in iodine blue value of extracted paste during twenty minutes of boiling. This highly palatable rice also exhibited very fine net structure in outer layer and fine-spongy and well-swollen shape of gelatinized starch granules in inner layer and core of cooked rice kernel compared with the poor palatable rice through image of scanning electronic mcroscope. Gross sensory score of cooked rice could be estimated by multiple linear regression formula, deduced from relationship between rice quality components mentioned above and eating quality of cooked rice, with high Probability of determination. The ${\alpha}$ -amylose-iodine method was adopted for checking the varietal difference in retrogradation of cooked rice. The rice cultivars revealing the relatively slow retrogradation in aged cooked rice were Ilpumbyeo, Chucheongbyeo, Sasanishiki, Jinbubyeo and Koshihikari. A Tongil-type rice, Taebaegbyeo, and a japonica cultivar, Seomjinbyeo, shelved the relatively fast deterioration of cooked rice. Generally, the better rice cultivars in eating quality of cooked rice showed less retrogiadation and much sponginess in cooled cooked rice. Also, the rice varieties exhibiting less retrogradation in cooled cooked rice revealed higher hot viscosity and lower cool viscosity of rice flour in amylogram. The sponginess of cooled cooked rice was closely associated with magnesium content and volume expansion of cooked rice. The hardness-changed ratio of cooked rice by cooling was negatively correlated with solids amount extracted during boiling and volume expansion of cooked rice. The major physicochemical properties of rice grain closely related to the palatability of cooked rice may be directly or indirectly associated with the retrogradation characteristics of cooked rice. The softer gel consistency and lower amylose content in milled rice revealed the higher ratio of popped rice and larger bulk density of popping. The stronger hardness of rice grain showed relatively higher ratio of popping and the more chalky or less translucent rice exhibited the lower ratio of intact popped brown rice. The potassium and magnesium contents of milled rice were negatively associated with gross score of noodle making mixed with wheat flour in half and the better rice for noodle making revealed relatively less amount of solid extraction during boiling. The more volume expansion of batters for making brown rice bread resulted the better loaf formation and more springiness in rice bread. The higher protein rices produced relatively the more moist white rice bread. The springiness of rice bread was also significantly correlated with high amylose content and hard gel consistency. The completely chalky and large gram rices showed better suitability for fermentation and brewing. Our breeding efforts on rice quality improvement for the future should focus on enhancement of palatability of cooked rice and marketing qualify as well as the diversification in morphological and physicochemical characteristics of rice grain for various value-added rice food processings.

• 산업식품공학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.146-152
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• 2010

식이섬유가 풍부한 WWF를 우리 전통 음식인 설기떡에 첨가하여 수분함량, 색, 기계적 조직감 특성, 노화도, 관능적 특성 등 품질 특성을 규명하였으며, 품질과 영양적 가치를 고려한 적절한 첨가 수준을 찾고자 하였다. 시료들 간 유의적인 수분 함량의 차이는 없었으며, 색도 중 L(명도)값은 WWF의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하는 값을 나타내었다. TPA 검사에서 hardness는 제조 직후 시료들 간 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 저장 후에는 WWF의 함량이 많아질수록 그 값이 유의적으로 감소하여, WWF의 첨가가 설기떡의 노화 지연에 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 저장 기간 중 WWF 첨가량이 증가할수록 springiness와 chewiness가 대조군에 비해 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 그 밖의 조직감 특성은 시료 간 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. Avrami 방정식의 시간상수(1/k)값은 WWF 함량이 증가할수록 증가하여 WWF의 노화지연 효과를 확인하였다. 관능적 품질특성은 맛과 향, 조직감에서 5% 대체군이 전반적으로 높게 평가되었으며 전반적인 기호도까지 고려하면 5% WWF 대체가 맛과 향 및 조직감에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.163-170
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• 1999

To investigate the effect of adding sugars and lipids on characteristics of cooked rice, the solubility, swelling power, blue value, amylogram and sensory evaluation characteristics of cooked rices with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0% level of sugars and lipids additives were measured. The solubility, swelling power and blue value of cooked rice with sugars were increased as the more sugars were added. Those parameters of the cooked rice with isomalto oligosaccharide were higher than sucrose. The solubility decreased as the more lipids were added. The swelling power decreased as the more lipids were added. As the result of amylograph analysis, addition of isomalto oligosaccharide accelerates the gelatinization and retards the retrogradation. In sensory evaluation, the cooked rice with 0.5% level of sucrose and isomalto oligosaccharide were showed better acceptability than the others. In conclusion, the additions of sugars and lipids affect characteristics of cooked rice. Especially, the cooked rice with 0.5% isomalto oligosaccharide was showed the best physiochemical and sensory properties.