• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 2003년도 IFSCC Conference Proceeding Book I
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• pp.61-72
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• 2003

In cosmetic area, retinol is prominent ingredient for anti-wrinkle but unstable against light, heat, oxygen and so on. Therefore the stabilization of retinol is required. Here, we capsulated doubly retinol in the SLM(Skin Lipid Matrix) that makes three dimensional lamellar structure similar to skin, after formation of primary liposome (retinol-nanoemulsion). First, we make primary liposome from retinol / hydrogenated lecithin / polysorbate20 / caprylic ＆ capric triglyceride / ethanol / and so on, and the mean diameter to 70 nm, using microfluidizer passed three times at 800 Bar, repeatedly. Then we produce DC-liposome (doubly capsulated-liposome) that was encapsulated primary liposome with SLM made of hydrogenated phosphatidyl choline / caprylic ＆ capric triglyceride / 1, 3-butylene glycol / ceramide3 / cholesterol /etc. We measured for color stability against light and heat with chromameter. As a result of this experiment, we observed DC-liposome was more than from 1.5 to 3 times as stable as general liposome. Livability of retinol has improved from 2 to 6 times when we analyzed it by HPLC. Also, penetration effect of DC-liposome has improved.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.391-395
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• 1985

시중에서 판매되는 달걀, 메추리알, 오리알의 총 carotenoid, provitamin A carotenoids, retinol함량을 측정하여 Retinol Equivalent를 산출하고, 이들 난황의 carotenoid 조성을 비교분석하였다. 각 난황에서 단위 g당 총 carotenoid함량은 달걀＞메추리알＞오리알의 순서로, retinol은 메추리알＞오리알＞달걀의 순서로, Retinol, Equivalent는 메추리알＞오리알＞달걀의 순서로 높았다. 간 난황의 carotenoid 분석결과, carotenoid 조성은 거의 비슷했으나, 달걀과 메추리알의 경우 lutein과 zeaxanthin이 총 carotenoid의 75% 정도였고, 오리알의 경우는 60% 정도였다. 거의 대부분을 차지하고 있는 carotenoids임을 보였다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.283-288
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• 2000

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the topical bioavailability of retinol (vitamin A) after its transdermal administration. For this purpose, we developed the convenient HPLC method to measure the retinol concentration in the biological fluids such as plasma and skin tissues. The low detection limit was $0.1\;{\mu}g/ml$ using a gradient HPLC system of UV detection. The initial plasma concentration of retinol was about $20\;{\mu}g/ml$ after its i.v. bolus administration (4.32 mg/kg). The half life $(t_{1/2{\alpha}})$ in the distributive phase was 1.3 min, while retinol was slowly disappeared in the post-distributive phase. On the other hand, the maximum plasma concentration $(C_{max})$ was about 776 ng/ml after appling to rat skin at a dose of 43.2 mg/kg. Furthermore, the concentration of retinol in the skin tissues was about 600 ng/g tissue at 12 hr after its transdermal administration. In conclusion, the initial plasma concentration of retinol was comparable with the skin concentration after its cutaneous absorption, followed by being decreased with the passage of the time.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.24-38
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• 1997

Using the all-trans-retinol which is double-capsulated with matrix, we investigated its stability and the change of the epidermal thickness. The proprietary MDC comprise two steps of capsulation of retinol, i.e., primary microcapsulation with collagen and then secondary capsulation with gellan gum. We compared the activity of all-trans-retinol in various forms such as (1) simply in O/W, (2) in W/O emulsion, (3) in primary capsulted form in O/W emulsion, or (4) in MDC in O/W emulsion. After storage at 45$^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks, retinol in MDC in O/W emulsion retained 92% of the activity compared to the standard material upon HPLC analysis, whereas the primary capsule gave 70%, the O/W emulsion form 47% and the W/O emulsion 78%. The retinol in MDC in O/W induced the siginificant increase in epidermal thickness compared to the vehicle.

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 2003년도 IFSCC Conference Proceeding Book II
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• pp.294-302
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• 2003

Unstable cosmetic active ingredients could be degraded rapidly by chemical and photochemical process. Particularly, some of active ingredients like retinol are known to cause skin irritation when applied on the skin excessively. Therefore, it has become a very important issue to encapsulate cosmetic actives for the stabilization and skin protection. This study was performed in order to prepare a chitosan microcapsule containing liposoluble cosmetic actives and to investigate the stabilization effect of actives when chitosan microcapsule was applied in cosmetic formulation. Chitosan, deacetylated form of chitin, has been of interest in the industrial applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, antimicrobial activity and also used as a wall material of capsule. Retinol was used as a core material and was stabilized by a wall of chitosan and antioxidants. The chitosan microcapsule containing retinol(CMR) was prepared by using coacervation method and W$_1$/O/W$_2$ emulsification techniques. The CMR has 0.5~10.0 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ size distribution and a long-term stability of more than an year inside the cosmetic formulation(O/W). Remaining retinol percentages at 45$^{\circ}C$ after 8 weeks in the CMR dispersion were 15.6%(pH 4.0), 59.8%(pH 6.0) and 65.0%(pH 6.0 with antioxidant) respectively. Retinol stability when added CMR inside a ONV emulsion was better than that of ONV emulsion added non-capsulated retinol. As a result, remaining retinol at 45$^{\circ}C$ after 8 weeks in O/W emulsion added non-capsulated retinol and O/W emulsion containing CMR was 12.7%, 70.5% respectively. It appeared that chitosan treated microcapsule may be used for a potential encapsulation method of unstable active ingredients.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.2560-2566
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• 2012

The present study investigates how the thermal stability of retinol (vitamin A) encapsulated in polyester nanoparticles is influenced by the types of polyester used for the nanoparticles. A variety of polyester-retinol nanoparticles were prepared with various polyesters like: poly(ethylene adipate), PEA; poly(butylene adipate), PBA; poly(hexamethylene adipate), PHMA; and three polycaprolactones, PCL, of different molecular weights ($M_n$ ~10, 40, and 80K). The chemical stability of retinol in these nanoparticles, monitored in an aqueous solution at $25^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks, was high in the following order of the nanoparticles prepared with PHMA > PCL 40K > PCL 10K > PCL 80K > PBA~PEA at $25^{\circ}C$ and PCL 10K > PCL 40K > PHMA > PCL 80K > PEA > PBA at $40^{\circ}C$. More importantly, this study has also found that the thermal stability of the retinol in the nanoparticles was closely connected with the melting temperatures of polyesters and polyester nanoparticles. The results were further discussed with possible factors - such as sample preparation condition (or history) and miscibility between the polyesters and retinol - affecting $T_m$ of the polyesters and the nanoparticles.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1983

An investigation was made of the effect of carrot variety and harvest time (DAP) on the composition of carotenoids and the Retinol Equivalent value by column chromatography, and of the relation of the total carotenoid content to the Retinol Equivalent by regression analysis. The results are summarized as follows : 1. There were very significant differences of total carotenoid, ${\alpha}-carotene,\;and\;{\beta}-carotene$ contents among carrot varieties and between two harvest times(90 DAP, 99 DAP). Especially, each component of carotenoids in carrots harvested at 99 DAP attained higher concentrations than 90 DAP. 2. Retinol Equivalent value showed the tendency to increase as the numbers of DAP incr The Shindaehyung-Ochon and Hongshim-Ochon varieties had the highest RE. value. 3. In the composition of carotenoids and Retinol Equivalent value, the Shamgae-Ochon variety had the nearest value to the mean of all variety. Therefore, it is most reasonable to use the Shamgae-Ochon variety for the analysis of vitamin A value in carrots. 4. The regression of the totel carotenoid (x) to the Retinol Equivalent (y) was y = 0.074 + 0.12x $(r^2$ = 0.91). So, if total carotenoid content is determined, R.E. value can be predicted by this regression equations, saving time and labor.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.154.1-154.1
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• 2003

TCTP is presented to have a retinol binding protein (RBP)-like structure by domain search. Human cellular RBP (CRBP) plays a key role in the intercellular transfer of retinol. Modulation of its expression is known to contribute to tumor growth and progression via retinoid-mediated signaling. Changes in the expression of TCTP have also been reported to be associated with carcinogenesis. Therefore, the attempt to establish the interactive relationship between the human TCTP and CRBP with retinol will be helpful in further understanding the cell signaling of TCTP. (omitted)

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.235-238
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• 2003

We investigated the effect of the phase transition temperature (T$_{c}$) of phospholipid in liposomes on the stability of incorporated retinol. Two kinds of phospholipid which have different T$_{c}$, L- $\alpha$ -dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline (DMPC, T$_{c}$=22$^{\circ}$C) and D,L- $\alpha$ -dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC, T$_{c}$=42$^{\circ}$), were used to prepare liposomes. Liposome with retinol was prepared as multilamella vesicles (MLVs) by the dehydration/rehydration method. The incorporation efficiency of retinol into liposomes prepared from DMPC and DPPC were 99.89$\pm$0.08% and 99.97$\pm$0.03, respectively. The average size of liposomes from DPPC were greater than that of DMPC. Two kinds of liposomes in phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 7.0) were stored at 15, 30, and 5$0^{\circ}C$, and stability of incorporated retinol was analyzed. The stability of retinol in DMPC liposome was decreased, whereas the stability in DPPC liposome was increased as temperature increased, although the overall protection effect of liposome on the incorporated retinol was greater in DMPC liposomes than in DPPC liposomes.posomes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1923-1929
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between blood components and carcass traits, and to find the biomarkers related to meat quality and quantity in Hanwoo steers. Methods: One hundred twenty-six Hanwoo steers (8 to 9 months of age, body weight of $185.6{\pm}24.38kg$) were used to find the correlation between blood compositions and carcass traits. The steers were fed concentrate and rice straw (30 steers) or total mixed rations (96 steers) during the whole experimental period. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at the growing (8 to 12 months), fattening (13 to 23 months) and finishing phases (24 to 30 months). Steers were slaughtered at 30 to 31 months of age (body weight of $701.6{\pm}60.45kg$) and the carcass traits were evaluated. Blood metabolites and hormones were analyzed and the correlation coefficients and regression equations with carcass traits were determined. Results: Average concentrations of retinol, leptin and insulin were 1.10 IU, 30.34 ng, and 35.35 ng per mL of blood plasma, respectively. Retinol has negative correlations (p<0.01) with insulin and leptin. Blood insulin and total protein decreased with the age of steers, but retinol, aspartic acid transaminase (AST), glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride increased. In the finishing phase, significant (p<0.01) negative correlations occurred between blood retinol content and marbling score, and between blood AST content and longissimus muscle area of 13th rib, and the following regression equations were obtained: Marbling score $(1-9)=-0.009{\times}retinol(IU/100mL)+9.125$ ($R^2=0.643$), Longissimus muscle area $(cm^2)=-0.250{\times}AST(U/L)+112.498$ ($R^2=0.450$). Conclusion: It is possible to make highly marbled beef by controlling the blood retinol content during the fattening and finishing phases of Hanwoo steers. Accordingly, blood retinol and AST could be biomarkers for determining beef quality and quantity, respectively, prior to slaughter.