• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.479-484
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• 2011

The study was conducted on 20 Holstein X Sahiwal cross bred dairy cows, with an average milk production of $2,752{\pm}113.79$ liters in $284{\pm}5.75$ days during a single lactation, that were divided in to two groups of 10 animals. We investigated the oxidative stress and antioxidant status during the transition period in dairy cows. In this study, plasma level of MDA was considered as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and SOD, catalase, GSH and GSHPx as antioxidants. The lipid peroxidation was significantly (p<0.001) higher in cows during early lactation as compared to the cows in advanced pregnancy. A significant positive correlation (r = +0.831, p<0.01) was determined between MDA and catalase in early lactating cows. In early lactating cows, blood glutathione was significantly lower than in advanced pregnant cows. However, early lactating cows showed non-significant negative correlation for all antioxidant enzymes with lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, dairy cows seemed to have more oxidative stress and low antioxidant defense during early lactation or just after parturition than advanced pregnant cows, and this appears to be the reason for their increased susceptibility to production diseases (e.g. mastitis, metritis, retention of fetal membranes etc.) and other health problems.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.679-685
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• 2002

The objective of this study was investigated for the microbial community structure and treatment performance of domestic wastewater in lab-scale submerged membrane bioreactor operated with anoxic-oxic cycles. Respiratory quinone profiles were applied as tools for identifying different bacterial populations. The cycle time program of bioreactor was control under anoxic/oxic of 60/90 minutes with an hydraulic retention time of 8.4 hrs. The average $COD_{Cr}$ removal efficiency of domestic wastewater was as high as 93%. The results showed complete nitrification of $NH_4^+$-N generated during oxic period and up to 50% of the total nitrogen could be denitrified. The dominant quinone types of suspended microorganisms in bioreactor were ubiquinone (UQ)-8, -10, followed by menaquinone (MK)-6, and MK-7 for anoxic period, but those for oxic period were UQ-8, MK-6, followed by UQ-10 and MK-7. The microbial diversities of bioreactor at anoxic and oxic periods, calculated based on the composition of all quinones were 10.4 and 12.2-11.8, respectively. The experimental results showed that the microbial community structure in the submerged membrane bioreactor treating domestic wastewater was slightly affected by intermittent aeration.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권7호
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• pp.517-523
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• 2021

Audit quality encompasses the key elements that create an environment that maximizes the likelihood that quality audits are performed consistently. This study aimed to identify the impact of auditing quality on the market value of the manufacturing companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). The analytical method was adopted in this research to extract and collect the necessary data. This study hypothesizes that audit quality leads to an increase in the market value by the offering of high-quality services. The study used the panel data approach to analyze cross-sectional data for 41 industrial companies that included time series data for the period (2019-2019). To test its hypotheses, the study used the fixed-effect model. The study found that the audit quality factors (audit office size, client retention period, auditor's fees, and linking with international audit offices) did not have a significant impact on market value. It found also the positive impact of the audit office size on the market value of the listed companies on the ASE for the period from 2009 to 2019. The study recommended the management of the company realize the importance of contracting with audit offices of large size and good reputation because these offices are more capable of increasing their efficiency, qualifying their employees, and thus be fully prepared for the audit process efficiently and effectively.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.509-529
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• 1992

Skeletal Class III malocclusion is one of the most difficult type to treat and stabilize. For a child with developing skeletal Class III malocclusion, the treatment objective would be to stimulate maxillary growth, particulary one who has markedly deficient maxilla, and to restrain excessive mandibular growth. In order to stimulate the maxillary growth, maxillary protraction appliance is the one of the effective orthopedic appliances in skeletal Class III. The purposes of this study were as follows ; evaluation of the skeletal and dental changes of the maxillary protraction in children with Class III Maxillary deficiency , comparison of the clinical effects between the group with RPE and labiolingual intraoral appliances , comparison of the clinical effects and stability related to the ages of the patients : stability of the maxillary protraction about 1 year after retention. The subjects consisted of 60 children between the ages of 8 and 13.4 who were diagnosed as Class III with maxillary deficiency and were treated with Face Mask (Delaire Type) from the Dept. of Orthodontics Yong Dong Severance Hospital, Yonsei University. 48 children wore the RPE and 12 children wore Labiolingual Appliance. Lateral Cephalograms were taken for each patient at before and after correction of anterior cross-bite in 60 children, and after an observation period of 10 to 14 months in 19 children. X and Y coordinate of 10 landmarks were analyzed using a horizontal line through sella and rotated $6^{\circ}$ down anteriorly as the horizontal reference axis, and a perpendicular verticual line through sella as the vertical reference axis. Each of the 31 measurents (10 verticals, 10 horizontals, 2 angles and 9 others) was statistically analyzed using SPSS/PC statistics. The results are as follows; 1. After maxillary protraction the maxilla and maxillary teeth moved downward and forward, while the mandible and mandibular incisor rotated downward and backward. 2. Maxillary protraction with rapid palatal expansion appliance was more effective than with labiolingual appliance. 3. More downward movement of the posterior palatal plane obserbed with maxillary protraction doing the midpalatal suture opening than with protraction after finishing the palatal expansion 4. The clinical effects of protraction and changes of the retention periods were not statistically significant among the age groups. 5. During the retention period, maxilla and maxillary teeth, and mandible and mandibular teeth moved downward and forward, however the mandibular changes were larger than the maxillary changes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.536-542
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• 2007

The responses of whole body protein and glucose kinetics and of nitrogen (N) metabolism to non-protein energy intake (NPEI) were determined using an isotope dilution approach and measurement of N balance in three adult male goats. The diets containing 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times ME maintenance requirement, with fixed intake of CP (1.5 times maintenance) and percentage of hay (33%), were fed twice daily for each 21 d experimental period. After an adaptation period of 11 d, N balance was determined over 3 d. On day 17, whole body protein synthesis (WBPS) and glucose irreversible loss rate (ILR) were determined during the absorptive state by a primed-continuous infusion of [$^2H_5$]phenylalanine, [$^2H_2$]tyrosine, [$^2H_4$]tyrosine and [$^{13}C_6$]glucose, with simultaneous measurements of plasma concentrations of metabolites and insulin. Ruminal characteristics were also measured at 6 h after feeding over 3 d. Nitrogen retention tended to increase (p<0.10) with increasing NPEI, although digestible N decreased linearly (p<0.05). Increasing NPEI decreased (p<0.01) ammonia N concentration, but increased acetate (p<0.05) and propionate (p<0.05) concentrations in the rumen. Despite decreased plasma urea N concentration (p<0.01), increased plasma tyrosine concentration (p<0.05), and trends toward increased plasma total amino N (p<0.10) and phenylalanine concentrations (p<0.10) were found in response to increasing NPEI. Increasing NPEI increased ILR of both glucose (p<0.01) and phenylalanine (p<0.05), but did not affect ($p{\geq}0.10$) that of tyrosine. Whole body protein synthesis increased (p<0.05) in response to increasing NPEI, resulting from increased utilization rate for protein synthesis (p<0.05) and unchanged hydroxylation rate of phenylalanine ($p{\geq}0.10$). These results suggest that increasing NPEI may enhance WBPS and glucose turnover at the absorptive state and improve the efficiency of digestible N retention in goats, with possibly decreased ammonia and increased amino acid absorption. In addition, simultaneous increases in WBPS and glucose ILR suggest stimulatory effect of glucose availability on WBPS, especially when sufficient amino acid is supplied.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1625-1631
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• 2016

Forty-eight barrows with an average initial body weight of $25.5{\pm}0.3kg$ were assigned to 6 dietary treatments arranged in a $3{\times}2$ factorial of 3 graded levels of P at 1.42, 2.07, or 2.72 g/kg, and 2 levels of casein at 0 or 50 g/kg to compare the estimates of true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of P in soybean meal (SBM) for pigs fed diets with or without casein supplementation. The SBM is the only source of P in diets without casein, and in the diet with added casein, 1.0 to 2.4 g/kg of total dietary P was supplied by SBM as dietary level of SBM increased. The experiment consisted of a 5-d adjustment period and a 5-d total collection period with ferric oxide as a maker to indicate the initiation and termination of fecal collection. There were interactive effects of casein supplementation and total dietary P level on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and retention of P (p<0.05). Dietary P intake, fecal P output, digested P and retained P were increased linearly with graded increasing levels of SBM in diets regardless of casein addition (p<0.01). Compared with diets without casein, there was a reduction in fecal P in the casein-supplemented diets, which led to increases in digested P, retained P, ATTD, and retention of P (p<0.01). Digested N, ATTD of N, retained N, and N retention were affected by the interaction of casein supplementation and dietary P level (p<0.05). Fecal N output, urinary N output, digested N, and retained N increased linearly with graded increasing levels of SBM for each type of diet (p<0.01). The estimates of TTTD of P in SBM, derived from the regression of daily digested P against daily P intake, for pigs fed diets without casein and with casein were calculated to be 37.3% and 38.6%, respectively. Regressing daily digested N against daily N intake, the TTTD of N in SBM were determined at 94.3% and 94.4% for diets without casein and with added casein, respectively. There was no difference in determined values of TTTD of P or N in SBM for pigs fed diets with or without casein (p>0.05). In summary, our results demonstrate that the estimates of TTTD of P in SBM for pigs were not affected by constant casein inclusion in the basal diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.699-707
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• 2002

Diets with foliage of Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla) or Jackfruit (Artocapus heterophyllus were fed to goats with the objective to study nitrogen (N) balance and effect of a daily supplementation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on intake and digestion. In experiment 1, three male Alpine${\times}$Jamnapary goats with initial weights varying from 26.9 to 27.7 kg were used in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design in the dry season. Three Alpine${\times}$Bachthao crosses, 15.3-16.7 kg, were used in the same design in the wet season. The three diets were based on chopped whole sugar cane complemented with the two green foliages, Jackfruit and Flemingia, or soybean meal (SBM). The level of dry matter (DM) offered was 4% of body weight (BW), 2.7% as foliage and 1.3% as chopped whole sugar cane. The amount of SBM offered was calculated to give the same amount of crude protein (CP) as the foliages. Each experimental period lasted 32 days (14 days for adaptation, 7 days for collection and 10 days for rest). Feed intake, apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) and retained nitrogen (N) were measured by total faecal and urine collection. In experiment 2, four male goats (Alpine${\times}$Jamnapary) with initial weights from 17.1 to 23.1 kg were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The four treatments were Jackfruit or Flemingia with or without addition of PEG, which was fed at a level of 5 g/goat and day by mixing with a small amount of rice bran. Each experimental period lasted 15 days (8 days for adaptation, 7 days for collection). Measurements were done as in experiment 1. The DM digestibility was highest (65.9-74.3%) for goats fed the SBM diet in both the dry and wet season. The DM digestibility of goats fed the Jackfruit and the Flemingia diets was similar in both the dry (58.6-59.2% respectively) and the wet season (53.9-56.1% respectively). The CP digestibility was highest (73.0-73.6%) for the SBM diet followed by the Jackfruit diet (47.0-38.5%) and was lowest (36.8-30.0%) for the Flemingia diet in both dry and wet seasons, respectively. The NDF digestibility was low for both the Jackfruit (36.4%) and Flemingia (38.0%) diets in the wet season. All diets resulted in a positive N balance. The N retention was highest (0.465-0.604 g/kg $W^{0.75}$) in the SBM diets and lowest (0.012-0.250 g/kg $W^{0.75}$) in the Flemingia diet. Addition of PEG had no effect on feed intake for any of the diets. PEG added in the Flemingia diet had a positive effect only on NDF digestibility, but the digestibility of the Jackfruit diet was significantly increased. Supplementation with PEG reduced digestibility and N retention of Flemingia, possibly because of the low tannin level, but increased digestibility and N retention for Jackfruit foliage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different selenium (Se) products (inorganic, organic A, organic B) added at two supplemental dietary Se levels (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and Se retention in growing-finishing pigs. A $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a RCB design, with a non-Se-fortified basal diet serving as the negative control. A total of 56 crossbred pigs (28 male and 28 female pigs) initially weighing an average $28.45{\pm}0.53kg$ BW were allotted to each treatment with four pigs per pen on the basis of sex and weight. Two pigs per pen were selected and bled from the anterior vena cava at 3- weekly intervals to analyze Se concentration. In the growing phase (0-6 weeks), increased ADFI was observed when pigs were fed organic Se compared to those fed the control diet or inorganic Se treatment (p<0.05). Pigs fed inorganic Se had a great ADFI than pigs fed organic Se (p<0.05) in the late finishing phase (7-12 weeks), although there were no differences in whole period ADFI between organic or inorganic Se products. During 12 weeks of the whole experimental period, serum Se concentration increased linearly when dietary Se level increased regardless of Se products (p<0.05). Both dietary Se source (p<0.05) and Se level (p<0.01) influenced the Se concentration of various pig tissues at end of this experiment and Se content was the highest in the kidney. For the determination of nutrient digestibility, a metabolic trial was conducted in 3 replicates in randomized complete block (RCB) design. A total of 21 barrows ($50.21{\pm}0.62kg$ of average BW) were used in the metabolic study. Selenium supplementation had no effect on nutrient digestibility except for crude protein. Crude protein digestibility increased with dietary supplementation of organic Se (A) compared with other forms of Se products or control diet (p<0.05). Consequently, this experiment indicated that dietary Se products and levels had no effect on growth performance of pigs. Se concentration in tissues and serum was increased in proportion to dietary Se level, especially when organic Se was provided. Although pigs were fed organic forms of Se, bioavailability of organic forms varied among products, consequently bioactivity of organic products to the animals should be evaluated before practical application in animal feed.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.57-72
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aims to assess the maternal characteristics and changes of body among patients who received Korean medicine postpartum care compared to pre-study. Methods: From January 1, 2018 to February 28, 2019, we included 31 postpartum patients who had body composition analysis at admission and discharge among 34 patients who received postpartum care in ${\square}{\square}$ University Hospital. We used SPSS 21.0 for window to test for statistical significance. Results: The average age, weight, and caesarean section rate increased compared to previous study. The average period of postpartum care has decreased. After postpartum care, abdominal circumference, body weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) was significantly decreased, but not as much as pre-study. The coefficient of determination was derived to predict the effects of postpartum care and calculated as "$Abdominal\;circumference\;change=2.745+0.593{\times}admission\;period$", "$weight\;change=0.214+0.345{\times}admission\;period$" and "$BMI\;change=0.198+0.120{\times}admission\;period$". Conclusions: Compared to previous study, as the maternal age increased and admission period decreased, the weight loss after childbirth decreased. It is necessary to provide individual treatment through coefficient of determination.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.65-81
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• 1984

In order to observe the responses of the periodontal tissue on the tension side following the experimental tooth movement, 35 Guinea pigs were divided into the control group (5 animals) and 6 experimental groups (3 movement groups and 3 retention groups) consisting of each 5 animals. The experimental tooth movement of Guinea pig's upper incisors installing open helical loop were carried out by rendering continuous force : 5g (1st groups) 35g (2nd groups), 100g (3rd groups), respectively for 7 days. 3 movement groups (15 animals) were sacrificed soon after the continuous force, and 3 retention groups (15 animals) were sacrificed after the retention period of another 7 days. The following results were obtained from the observation of the surrounding tissues of teeth on the tension side through light microscopy any transmission electron microscopy. 1. The vessel walls in the experimental groups were thinner than those of the control group, the number of blood vessel had the tendency to increase. The greater the strong force applied to each group, the more the destruction of cells and fibers was found and the more the number of the red blood cell of vessel outside appeared. 2. New collagen fibers were produced from fibroblasts in the 1st groups (light force), but were produced rather less in the 2nd groups (medium force) and the 3rd groups (heavy force). 3. In the forming patterns of the new alveolar bone of the 3rd groups (heavy force), the bone trabeculae were formed towards the direction of the force to be applied, but the new alveolar bone in the 1st groups (light force) was produced evenly throughout the all surfaces of the alveolar bone rather than the patterns of bone trabeculae ; therefore, the patterns of new alveolar bone were observed differently according to the magnitude of the force applied. 4. In the retention group, it was observed that the collagen fibers were produced from the osteoblasts in the marginal areas of the periodontal ligaments being widely opened and were deposited on the alveolar bone surface but the production of collagen fibers from the osteoblasts in the other area of the periodontal ligaments was almost ceased, and a rest line on the new alveolar bone surface was found.