• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.53-64
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• 2021

Purpose: Even though arranging images of products is a common practice in the online retail context, relatively little attention has been paid to the distance effect among alternatives, that is, how distance among displayed products can impact consumers' responses. Drawing on contagion theory, the primary goal of the current study is to investigate how spatial distance between two products in a product display can influence consumers' perceived similarity. Research design, data and methodology: This study used a 2(spatial distance: close vs. far) experimental design and collected data from undergraduate students in Korea through an online survey using Qualtrics. ANOVA was conducted to test the proposed effect, in which the dependent variables are the perceived similarity of usage occasion/purpose (Study 1) and the indexed differences of perceived brand statuses between two products (Study 2). Results: The results of both experiments indicated that the displayed products were perceived to be more similar to one another when products were presented close together (vs. far). Conclusions: The results help to fill a research gap and provide a better understanding of the role of physical distance in diverse marketing communications. This is especially useful when designing online shopping websites to form perceptions of brand images.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

The online retail market continues to grow, especially in China, as e-commerce has developed rapidly in recent years in many countries. Meanwhile, the development and use of new network information technology provides consumers with various contact and experience environments for online shopping. Based on the theory of media weakness, the study began to focus consumer experience on the nature of commercial transactions. The study proposed and designed an initial measure of the consumer information evaluation index, which combines previous findings with implications. Finally, the five-dimensional B2C system was established to evaluate consumers' information experience providing information display, information interaction, information support and information personalization. We researched on evaluation index system for information experience of B2C e-commerce consumers based on samples of Chinese consumers.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2007

The widespread use of self-service concepts in retailing has resulted in increased attention to the design of retail environments and to stimuli operating at the point of sale. One such merchandising technique, the "bundled presentation", i.e., related products are presented in close proximity to each other, is widely used by retailers but has rarely been investigated by academic consumer researchers. This study presents the results of a field experiment into the effects of presenting products in their usage context. Customers' attitudes towards the same product displayed in different ways are compared with each other. The results show that related products, i.e., products that are used together, should be presented in a coordinated display. Furthermore, the bundled presentation enhanced consumers' attitudes of the product when they saw it first in a bundled presentation and then evaluated it in front of a traditional presentation.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.170-187
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• 2010

This paper is to analyze the effect of demographic factors on children' wear buying pattern, media and information utilization, and design preference. A total of 355 usable data was collected from house wives in three metropolitan cities(Seoul, Daejon, Bundang) in Korea. Correlation analysis showed that there were statistically significant correlation between demographic factors and clothing buying behavior, information utilization, and design preference. Also, Regression results showed that 8 Demographic Factors are significant predictors. The results with ANOVA showed that there were significant relationships between PURCHASE OCCASION and DISPLAY INFORMATION UTILIZATION, and showed that there were significant relationships (F=28.625, p=<.001) between PURCHASE MOTIVATION and SALES PERSON ADVICES UTILIZATION. Thus, both visuality and friendliness of service were affected by consumers. Considering the increasing importance of service quality in the retail VMD, sale promotion should be enhanced and sale person is needed to be trained to be friendly to all consumers regardless of product composition

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.97-121
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• 2001

Until now, we have believed that one of advantages of cyber market is that it can virtually display and sell goods because it does not necessary maintain expensive physical shops and inventories. But, in a highly competitive environment, business model that does away with goods in stock must be modified. As we know in the case of AMAZON, leading companies already consider merchandise management as a critical success factor in their business model. That is, a solution to compete against one's competitors in a highly competitive environment is merchandise management as in the traditional retail market. Cyber market has not only past sales data but also web log data before sales data that contains information of path that customer search and purchase on cyber market as compared with traditional retail market. So if we can correctly analyze the characteristics of before sales patterns using web log data, we can better prepare for the potential customers and effectively manage inventories and merchandises. We introduce a systematic analysis method to extract useful data for merchandise management - demand forecasting, evaluating & selecting - using web mining that is the application of data mining techniques to the World Wide Web. We use various techniques of web mining such as clustering, mining association rules, mining sequential patterns.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

Properly designed plastic packages of fresh produce can preserve the quality by maintaining the optimal modified atmosphere (MA) at optimal low temperature conditions, but cannot do so at temperature abuse conditions in retail stage due to occurrence of injurious package atmosphere coming from imbalance between respiration and package gas permeation. Master packaging system consisting of a double-layered secondary package wrapping several individual (primary) packages has been proposed and applied recently to the commodities of sweet persimmon, king oyster mushroom, chestnut and strawberry. The master (secondary) pack is designed to be stored and distributed under chilled temperature, and then dismantled when moved to the retail display from the presale chilled storage. The master packaging system taking into consideration temperature dependence of produce respiration and package gas transfer was looked into with examination of its design variables to maintain the beneficial MA. Mathematical model was provided to help the design of master packaging system creating the desired MA. Its benefits of quality preservation and its limitations in practices of fresh produce marketing were discussed. Further research direction to extend the applicability of the produce master packaging system was presented.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.1024-1039
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• 2023

In this study, we performed a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of Salmonella through intake of egg consumption after cooking (dry-heat, moist-heat, and raw consumption). Egg samples (n = 201) from retail markets were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella. In addition, temperature and time were investigated during egg transit, storage, and display. A predictive model was developed to characterize the kinetic behavior of Salmonella in eggs, and data on egg consumption and frequency were collected. Eventually, the data was simulated to estimate egg-related foodborne illnesses. Salmonella was not found in any of the 201 egg samples. Thus, the estimated initial contamination level was -4.0 Log CFU/g. With R² values of 0.898 and 0.922, the constructed predictive models were adequate for describing the fate of Salmonella in eggs throughout distribution and storage. Eggs were consumed raw (1.5%, 39.2 g), dry-heated (57.5%, 43.0 g), and moist-heated (41%, 36.1 g). The probability of foodborne Salmonella illness from the consumption of cooked eggs was evaluated to be 6.8×10^-10. Additionally, the probability of foodborne illness not applied cooking methods was 1.9×10^-7, indicating that Salmonella can be reduced by cooking. Therefore, the risk of Salmonella infection through consumption of eggs after cooking might be low in S. Korea.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.209-237
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• 2012

1. Research Purpose Consumers rely on various clues to evaluate their decision to patronize a retail store, and store brand is one of them (Dodds 1991; Grewal et al. 1998). As consumers find ever increasing variety of contact points connecting them to specific store, the value of experiential shopping as a means of increasing store's brand equity warrants greater attention from scholars of retail management. Retail shopping values are credited for creating not only cognitive experiences like brand knowledge but also emotional experiences such as shopping pleasure and pride (Schmitt 1999). This may be because today's consumers place emphasis on emotional values associated with shopping pleasure, lifestyle brought to life, brand relationship, and store atmosphere more than utilitarian values such as product quality and price. Many previous literature found this to be true (Ahn and Lee 2011; Mathwick et al. 2001). This brings forth important research issues and questions regarding the roles of shopping experiential values and brand equity with regard to consumer's retail patronage choice. However, despite this importance, research on this area remains quite inadequate (Hwang 2010). For this reason, this study aims to verify the relationships among experiential shopping values, retail store brand equity and tries to link that with customer loyalty by surveying large-scale discount store shoppers in Korea and China. 2. Research Contents In order to carry out the research objective, this study conducted comprehensive literature survey on previous literature by discussing major findings and implications with regard to shopping values and retail brand equity and store loyalty. For data collection, researcher employed survey-based research method where data were collected in two major cities of Korea (Seoul) and China (Bejing) and sampling frame was based on patrons of large discount stores in both countries. Specific research questions raised in this study are as follows; RQ1: How do Korean and Chinese consumers differently perceive of shopping values regarding shopping at large-sclae discount stores? RQ2: Are there differences in consumers' emotional consumption propensities? RQ3: Do Korean and Chinese consumers display different perceptions of brand equity towards large-scale discount stores? RQ4: Are there differences in relationships between shopping values and brand equity for Korean and Chinese consumers? For statistical analysis, SPSS17.0, AMOS17.0 and SmartPLS were employed. 3. Research Results The data collected through face-to-face survey conducted in Seoul and Bejing revealed appropriate data validity and reliability as a result of exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis and reliability tests, andh SEM model yielding satisfactory model fitness. The result of the study may be summarized by three main points. First, as a result of testing differences in consumption dispositions, Chinese consumers showed higher scores in aesthetic and symbolic dispositions, whereas Korean consumers scored higher in hedonic disposition. Second, testing on perceptions toward brand equity of large discount stores showed that Korean consumers exhibited more positive perceptions of brand awareness and brand image than Chinese counterparts. Third, the result of exploratory factor analysis on the experiential shopping values revealed different factors for each country. On Korean side, consumer interest value, aesthetic value, and hedonic value were prominent, whereas on Chinese side, hedonic value, aesthetic value, consumer interest value, and service excellence value were found salient. 4. Research Implications While many previous studies on inter-country differences in retailing area mainly focused on cultural dispositions or orientations to explain the differences, this study sets itself apart by specifically targeting individual consumer's shopping values from an experiential viewpoint. The study result provides important theoretical as well as practical implications for large-scale discount store, especially the impotance of fully exploring the linkage between shopping values and brand equity, which has significant influence on loyalty. Therefore, the specific implications deriving from the result shed some important insights upon the consumption values based on shopping experiences and brand equity. The differences found in store shoppers between the two countries may also provide useful insights for Korean and Chinese retailers who plan to expand their operations globally. Related strategic implications derived from this study is the importance of localizing retail strategy which is based on the differences found in experiential shopping values between the two country groups. Especially the finding that Chinese consumers value consumer interest and service excellence, whereas Koreans place importance on hedonic or aesthetic values indicates the need to differentiate the consumer's psychographical profiles when it comes to expanding retail operations globally. Particularly important will be to pursue price-orienated strategy in China in consideration of the high emphasis on consumer interests and service excellence, but to emphasize the symbolic aspects of brand equity in Korea by maximizing the brand equity associated with aesthetic values and hedonic orientations. 5. Recommendations This study focused on generic retail branded discount stores in both countries, thus making it difficult to tease out store-specific strategies based on specific retail brands. Future studies may benefit fro employing actual brand names in survey questionnaire to verify relationship between shopping values and brand-based store strategy. As with other studies of this nature, this study needs to strengthen the result's generalizability by selecting respondents from a wider spectrum of respondents.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1259-1259
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• 2001

Meat becomes brown and rancid during storage in the refrigerator and display in the case. Color changes, metmyoglobin formation and lipid oxidation are the important problems in the transportation / distribution of meat and retail display. The freshness of meat is determined by the sense of vision and smell. Since conventional method determining lipid oxidation is time consuming and destructive (it needs to homogenize meat with reagents, filtrate, time for reaction and read optical density using spectroscopy), more rapid and nondestructive technical tools are desired. The objective of this work was to evaluate near-infrared spectroscopy as an analytical tool for determining meat color, metmyoglobin formation and lipid oxidation. in beef, pork and chicken. Semitendinosus and longissimus thoracis muscles from six beef steers, biceps femoris and longissimus thoracis muscles from twelve LWD crossbred pigs, and superficial pectoral muscles from twenty-four broilers were used. About a 5-cm diameter and 1-cm thick sample (20.0g) was cut from the muscle and placed on plastic foam, over-wrapped with PVC film, and displayed under flourescent lights at 4 degrees C. during 10 days for beef and pork or 4 days for chicken. The spectra was measured by NIR systems Model 5500 Spectrophotometer using fiber optic scan at range of 400 - 1100 nm. Data were recorded at 2 nm intervals and 10 scans / 10 sec were averaged for every sample. Data obtained were saved as log 1/Re, where Re is the reflectance energy, and then mathematically transformed to second derivatives to reduce effects of differences in particle size. $L^{*}$, $a^{*}$ and $b^{*}$, and metmyoglobin formation were determined by conventional spectrophotometer using the integrating sphere unit. 2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured for lipid oxidation. A multiple linear regression was used to find the equation which would best fit the data. The number of wavelengths used in the equation was selected based on the fewer number compared to the increasing multiple correlation and Decreasing standard error. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 1999.04a
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• pp.37-44
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• 1999

A number of the retail and traditional market customer is decrease, whereas that of the supermarket in department-store customers in is increase. This case suggests that customers have a preference for much more comfortable and pleasant shopping places And making a resonable purchase in the supermarkets where we can find various goods and price zone, is now garden variety. It is a current course that once the manager ask an architect for multi-functional space design in department-store and then the architect compose a team and start to design. Of course, the team of planner thinking manage give the design team the basic material data such as commerce analysis and the use of each layer in the department store but, the design team solve the assignment by architectural form, functional space plan and the limited architecture law. After establishing general design for architecture, we can ask shopping-mall distribution, products display and interior design of the interior design general design for architecture, we can ask shopping-mall distribution, products display and interior design of the interior design team. so it is inevitable that the interior design team concerning M·D can find lots of complementary factors with architecture design. The purpose of this study is analyzing the differences of architecture design, which has to accept the limited law and interior design concerning M·D, satisfying the structure and the law in the future design for the department-store. Also the purpose of this thesis is suggestion the items architects and interior designers research into together to make the inner space ideally.